Analytical methodologies and occurrence of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances – A review

Jiménez-Skrzypek, Gabriel; González‐Sálamo, Javier; Hernández-Borges, Javier

doi:10.1016/j.jcoa.2023.100089

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…It is well established that PFASs are widespread in the food chain; however, sensor developments frequently are applied to water samples (drinking and wastewater) [ 93 ]. Referenced and well-established techniques, such as chromatography, are the most used in research development and reference laboratories to identify and quantify PFASs.…”

Section: Other Sensing Platforms In Food Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Challenge of Sensors for Dairy Food Safety Monitoring

Fernández González,

Badía Laíño,

Costa-Fernández

et al. 2024

Sensors

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One of the most consumed foods is milk and milk products, and guaranteeing the suitability of these products is one of the major concerns in our society. This has led to the development of numerous sensors to enhance quality controls in the food chain. However, this is not a simple task, because it is necessary to establish the parameters to be analyzed and often, not only one compound is responsible for food contamination or degradation. To attempt to address this problem, a multiplex analysis together with a non-directed (e.g., general parameters such as pH) analysis are the most relevant alternatives to identifying the safety of dairy food. In recent years, the use of new technologies in the development of devices/platforms with optical or electrochemical signals has accelerated and intensified the pursuit of systems that provide a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and/or multiparametric response to the presence of contaminants, markers of various diseases, and/or indicators of safety levels. However, achieving the simultaneous determination of two or more analytes in situ, in a single measurement, and in real time, using only one working ‘real sensor’, remains one of the most daunting challenges, primarily due to the complexity of the sample matrix. To address these requirements, different approaches have been explored. The state of the art on food safety sensors will be summarized in this review including optical, electrochemical, and other sensor-based detection methods such as magnetoelastic or mass-based sensors.

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Section: Other Sensing Platforms In Food Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Challenge of Sensors for Dairy Food Safety Monitoring

Fernández González,

Badía Laíño,

Costa-Fernández

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…Therefore, isotope dilution and internal standardization was applied in the current method for each of the four priority PFAS representatives, thus compensating the matrix effects and improving quanti cation. [21] 1.6 Instrumental method optimization…”

Section: Matrix Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Perfluorinated Substances (Pfas) in Certain Foodstuffs According to Newly Established Eu Legislation

Pasecnaja,

Zacs

2024

Preprint

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Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are compounds which exhibit unique chemical and physical properties resulting in bioaccumulation in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Due to a global concern on the adverse health effects, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) set tolerable weekly intake and thereafter, to ensure an efficient protection of public health, the European Commission set maximum levels for four priority components, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), in certain foodstuffs. This study demonstrates an analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-MS) for the quantitative determination of four priority PFAS. The optimized and validated LC-Orbitrap-MS method fulfils the requirements specified in the “Guidance Document on Analytical Parameters for the Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food and Feed” and allows a reliable analysis of PFAS in selected food products, fulfilling the requirements of Commission Regulation 915/2023, Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/1428, and Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/1431. The method was successfully used for the compliance testing of four priority PFAS according to the newly established legislation in food samples (n=58) collected in Latvia, providing the occurrence data from the Baltic states.

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“…Recent literature reviews have explored analytical methodologies for PFAS analysis and their occurrence in various sources, including food 5,6 Furthermore, in recent years, there has been an expanded focus on examining the presence and transfer of PFASs in fruit and vegetables. Various studies describe methodologies to monitor PFAS levels in fruit and vegetables.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Application of a Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of 20 Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruit and Vegetables at Sub-Parts-per-Trillion Levels

Kause,

van Leeuwen,

Krätschmer

et al. 2024

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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In response to the European Food Safety Authority's establishment of a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for the sum of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS, a method was developed to quantify and confirm 20 PFASs at the sub-parts-per-trillion level in fruit and vegetables. Improved sensitivity was achieved by (i) increasing the sample intake, (ii) decreasing the solvent volume in the final extract, and (iii) using a highly sensitive mass spectrometer. Except for PFTrDA, target PFASs could be quantitatively determined with an apparent recovery of 90−119%, limits of quantitation down to 0.5 ng/kg, and a relative standard deviation under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions of <28%. The method was successfully applied to 215 fruit and vegetable samples obtained from local grocery stores and markets. Leafy vegetables prove to be the main vegetable category responsible to PFAS exposure, mainly of PFOA, followed by PFHpA and PFHxA.

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Analytical methodologies and occurrence of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances – A review

Cited by 8 publications

References 117 publications

Progress and Challenge of Sensors for Dairy Food Safety Monitoring

Progress and Challenge of Sensors for Dairy Food Safety Monitoring

Determination of Perfluorinated Substances (Pfas) in Certain Foodstuffs According to Newly Established Eu Legislation

Development and Application of a Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of 20 Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruit and Vegetables at Sub-Parts-per-Trillion Levels

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