Analytical investigation of Mudéjar polychrome on the carpentry in the Casa de Pilatos palace in Seville using non-destructive XRF and complementary techniques

Garrote, M.A.; Robador, M.D.; Pérez-Rodríguez, J. L.

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2016.09.027

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…However, although arsenic is found as impurities in mineral ores used as color or opacifier in glass and enamels, it is found as a main element in a limited number of pigments. Therefore, arsenic sulfide pigments (yellow orpiment, As 2 S 3 ; and orangey‐red realgar, AsS) have often been identified based on the color of the arsenic‐containing areas: Orpiment was identified in yellow areas whereas realgar was to be expected in orangey‐red zones . Nevertheless, the identification of pararealgar (AsS), the yellow light‐induced degradation product of realgar, made the identification solely based on elemental and color analysis rather difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of dry‐ and wet‐process amorphous arsenic sulfides: Synthesis, Raman reference spectra, and identification in historical art materials

Vermeulen

Pálka

Vlček

et al. 2018

J Raman Spectroscopy

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This paper reports the dry and wet synthetic procedures and characterization by Raman spectroscopy of amorphous arsenic sulfide reference pigments. Reference spectra of two amorphous materials obtained by wet process methods and four dry process references of amorphous arsenic sulfide pigments of known composition are presented and discussed.While all materials present a main band characteristic for the amorphous pigment centered on 341 cm −1 , additional small contributions indicate the presence of sulfur, arsenic oxide, and crystalline nano phases embedded in the amorphous matrix. Although only the broad 341-cm −1 peak is necessary to identify the arsenic sulfide as an amorphous material, the smaller additional features allow for the characterization of the various manufacturing processes and initial materials used. In ideal conditions, these small features also enable to assess the As/S ratio of the studied amorphous arsenic sulfide pigments based on their relative intensity. In this context, the latter reference spectra were used to characterize the amorphous arsenic sulfide pigments and their arsenic to sulfur elemental composition in four 18th-to 20th-century historical samples and compared with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray semiquantitative analyses. The identification of the amorphous arsenic sulfide used in these historical samples was compared with the description of the manufacturing processes reported in historical sources of the time, allowing for a better understanding of the evolution of the amorphous arsenic sulfide pigments manufacturing methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of dry‐ and wet‐process amorphous arsenic sulfides: Synthesis, Raman reference spectra, and identification in historical art materials

Vermeulen

Pálka

Vlček

et al. 2018

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…Another hypothesis is that parts of the painting have been repainted (due to deterioration) using red lead, after the initial painting with vermillion. The common used lead oxide pigment is called red or lead minium . Realgar (an arsenic sulfide mineral) could be another source for the red pigment (a large quantity of As being present in the red border pigment).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The correlation between copper and arsenic in the green pigment indicate the presence of copper arsenate pigment, named Scheele's green, or emerald green . Copper carbonate could also be a source of copper in the samples, which is a constituent of the malachite green pigment, but the results were not confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy in the next section. Therefore, it is safe to assume that Scheele's green is the main constituent of green painting material.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific investigations of the Imperial Gates from the Petrindu wooden church, Salaj County, Romania

et al. 2017

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In order to preserve and restore the Imperial Gates from the Petrindu wooden church, Salaj County, Romania, (map location—latitude, longitude: 46.97, 23.19), the scientific investigation of the wooden support and painting materials (ground and pigments) was performed, employing Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and 3D scanning. FTIR spectroscopy offered information about the wooden degradation stage, whereas X‐ray fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopic methods were employed for structural painting materials characterization. The structural data can be correlated with the artistic, theological, and historical analysis of this religious patrimony object. After obtaining information about the wooden support and painting materials, the Imperial Gates were 3D digitized using state of the art laser scanning technology. The digital 3D model obtained was restored in a virtual environment and converted into an interactive 3D model that can be used for Romanian cultural heritage digital dissemination.

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“…According to the hue, thickness, particle size, and material composition of each layer, the decorative parts were classified into 3 sections, i.e., the surface lacquer layers, Gypsum is not only a white pigment commonly used in ancient wall paintings and polychrome cultural relics [22,23] but also a gel material that was used for architectural decoration in ancient China [24,25].…”

Section: Lacquering Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Materials and Techniques of the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” Birthday Inscribed Plaque in the Bashu Area of China During the Reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty

Zheng¹,

Wang²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In ancient China, people presented inscribed plaques as gifts to the elderly on their birthdays to wish them longevity. Under long-term weathering conditions, the plaques, often hung on the lintel of a door, gradually deform, the words fade,and the decorative parts deteriorate. Whenever possible, original materials and techniques should be used to restore such cultural relics. Therefore, it is important to analyze the materials and techniques used for the production of the inscribed plaques. However, no study has been carried out on the materials and techniques used to create inscribed plaques. In this study, multi-analytical scientific approach, including optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-ATR-FTIR), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), were used to explore the materials and techniques utilized to create the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” birthday inscribed plaque in the Bashu area of China produced during the fifth year of the reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. The results showed that the plaque wad made of cypress wood and decorative parts consisting of the surface lacquer layers, plaster lacquer layers and primer lacquer layers. Chinese lacquer was the principal material used in the surface lacquer layers; gypsum and Chinese lacquer were the materials used in the plaster lacquer layers; and the primer lacquer layers was composed of Chinese lacquer, calcite, and mixed pigments by cinnabar and minium. The surface lacquer layers of the inscribed plaque were lacquered black. Gypsum lacquer plaster has been commonly used in the ground layer of lacquerware in modern history. This study confirmed the existence of technology to make lacquerware using gypsum lacquer plaster in the Bashu area during the late Qing Dynasty. Moreover, this study not only provides new findings regarding the traditional production of inscribed plaques and offers technical support for the protection and restoration of such plaques but also has great significance to exploring the history of ancient techniques of lacquering and decorating lacquerware.

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Analytical investigation of Mudéjar polychrome on the carpentry in the Casa de Pilatos palace in Seville using non-destructive XRF and complementary techniques

Cited by 22 publications

References 36 publications

Study of dry‐ and wet‐process amorphous arsenic sulfides: Synthesis, Raman reference spectra, and identification in historical art materials

Study of dry‐ and wet‐process amorphous arsenic sulfides: Synthesis, Raman reference spectra, and identification in historical art materials

Scientific investigations of the Imperial Gates from the Petrindu wooden church, Salaj County, Romania

Materials and Techniques of the “Chun Rong Xuan Mao” Birthday Inscribed Plaque in the Bashu Area of China During the Reign of Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty

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