Analytical Characterization of Microlithographically Fabricated Iridium-Based Ultramicroelectrode Arrays

Feeney, Rosemary; Herdan, Janet; Nolan, Melissa A.; Tan, Sandie H.; Tarasov, Vladislav V.; Kounaves, Samuel P.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199802)10:2<89::aid-elan89>3.3.co;2-a

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Several metals as Ir [7,10,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43], Au [44][45][46][47], Pt [45,47], Rh and Rh/Ir alloys (Ir0.9Rh0.1) [28] and HgAg amalgam [48] have been patterned using photolithographic approaches. Other metals micro-electrode arrays (e.g.…”

Section: Ii1a Micro-electrode Array Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cu and Ag) have been produced by electrodeposition on non-metallic substrates as boron-doped diamond [8]. Furthermore, arrays made of non-metallic microelectrode as diamond based material [8,[49][50][51], carbon based materials [52][53][54][55] Several thin metal or multiple metals layers (few tens of nm), deposited between the supporting substrate and the electrode material, have been explored to promote adhesion; Ta [58], Ti [24], Al [28,[59][60][61], Cr [60,62] or composite layer as Ti/Pt sandwich (30:50 nm) [45] and Ti/Ni (50:50 nm) [46,63] have been used as adhesive layer for Ir [24,25,58], Au [44][45][46]60,62] and Pt [59][60][61].…”

Section: Ii1a Micro-electrode Array Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review

Herzog

Beni

2013

Analytica Chimica Acta

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In this article, a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in the field of stripping voltammetry at regular micro-interfaces (both solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces) is presented. This review will report on the most conventional arrays of metallic micro-electrodes but also on the rapidly growing field of electrochemistry at arrays of micro-interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (μITIES). The main fabrication methods, together with some design considerations and diffusion phenomena at such interfaces are discussed. Main applications of micro-interface arrays are presented including heavy metals detection at micro-electrode arrays and detection of organic molecules (amino acids, vitamins, peptides and drugs) at the μITIES. Stripping analysis at micro-interface arrays is suitable for the detection of analytes in several real media including water, soil extracts and biological fluids (blood and saliva) with high specificity, sensitivity (detection limits of nM, ppb level) and reliability. Stripping analysis at μITIES and micro-electrode arrays are two complementary approaches that have the advantages of being cost effective, simple to use and easily adaptable to field measurement.

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Section: Ii1a Micro-electrode Array Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ii1a Micro-electrode Array Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review

Herzog

Beni

2013

Analytica Chimica Acta

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“…6,7 An environmental UME application includes heavy metal detection in natural water systems where very little or no analyte is present. 8,9 Fabrication of UMEs in undergraduate laboratories is a difficult and time-consuming process that requires experimental skill and patience. 3 These tedious methods can involve the use of dangerous chemicals, multiple fabrication steps, and the creation of waste.…”

Section: ■ Previous Ume Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Electrochemical Behavior of Microcontact-Printed Silver Nanogrids

et al. 2018

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This paper describes a laboratory exercise used to address the ongoing need for nanotechnology-related, hands-on laboratory experiences for undergraduate students. Determination of the electrochemical behavior of student-fabricated silver nanogrids is reported. Students successfully used cyclic voltammetry to analyze silver nanogrids printed using microcontact printing and subsequent metallization. The silver nanogrids exhibit electrochemical behavior similar to that of electrodes manufactured in industry. Additionally, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess nanogrid quality and dimensions.

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“…A variety of electrode substrates have been used for the determination of Cu 2+ . These have included a mercury-plated iridium microelectrode array (Ir-UMEA), − a thin-film gold electrode, a carbon-disk microelectrode, a hanging-mercury-drop electrode, a mercury-film electrode, and a mercury-plated platinum microelectrode array . On-site analysis of copper has been performed using a mercury-film glassy-carbon electrode …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microfabricated Array of Iridium Microdisks as a Substrate for Direct Determination of Cu²⁺or Hg²⁺Using Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

1999

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In this paper, we report for the first time the characterization and separate electrochemical determinations of Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ directly on a microlithographically fabricated array of iridium ultramicroelectrodes (Ir-UMEA). Squarewave anodic stripping voltammetry was used to optimize experimental parameters such as supporting electrolyte, square-wave frequency, and deposition time and potential. Reproducible stripping peaks were obtained for solutions containing low parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of either metal. Excellent linearity was obtained for Cu 2+ in the 20-100 ppb range and for Hg 2+ in the 1-10 ppb range when the bare iridium substrate was used. Detection limits were calculated to be 1 ppb (0.1 M KNO 3 and 0.1 M HClO 4 , deposition time 180 s) and 5 ppb (0.1 M H 2 SO 4 , deposition time 120 s) for Cu 2+ (S/N ) 3) and 85 ppt for Hg 2+ (deposition time 600 s). The experimental detection limits were determined to be 5 ppb for Cu 2+ (deposition time 180 s) and 100 ppt for Hg 2+ (deposition time 600 s). Interference studies were performed, and it was determined that Pb, Zn, and Cd had little or no influence on the copper signal. Tap water and spring water samples were analyzed for copper, and good agreement was obtained with conventional methods. An unexplained effect of chloride ions on the iridium surface was noted. Further investigation by atomic force microscopy determined that changes on the surface occurred but could be eliminated when chloride leakage from the reference electrode was minimized. The solid state construction of the Ir-UMEA makes it a prime candidate for use in determining Cu(II) and Hg(II) in chemically harsh environments.

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Analytical Characterization of Microlithographically Fabricated Iridium-Based Ultramicroelectrode Arrays

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review

Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review

Assessing the Electrochemical Behavior of Microcontact-Printed Silver Nanogrids

Microfabricated Array of Iridium Microdisks as a Substrate for Direct Determination of Cu²⁺or Hg²⁺Using Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

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Analytical Characterization of Microlithographically Fabricated Iridium-Based Ultramicroelectrode Arrays

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review

Stripping voltammetry at micro-interface arrays: A review

Assessing the Electrochemical Behavior of Microcontact-Printed Silver Nanogrids

Microfabricated Array of Iridium Microdisks as a Substrate for Direct Determination of Cu2+or Hg2+Using Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

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Product

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Microfabricated Array of Iridium Microdisks as a Substrate for Direct Determination of Cu²⁺or Hg²⁺Using Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry