Analytical and Experimental Results for Combined Forced and Free Laminar Convection in Horizontal Tubes

Mixed convection heat transfer in horizontal rectangular ducts with radiation effects

“…Cheng et al [9], Ou et al [10] and Cheng and Ou [11] employed the assumption of large Prandtl number to study the mixed convection heat transfer in the thermal entrance region of horizontal rectangular channels. The same problems were also examined for a horizontal tube by Hieber and Sreenivasan [12], Hong et al [13], Ou and Cheng [14] and Hishida et al [15]. Their results showed that the secondary flow induced by the thermal buoyancy force can enhance significantly the heat transfer.…”

Bifurcation and stability of forced convection in curved ducts of square cross-section

“…Here l is the viscosity of the fluid, Pr the Prandtl number, c 1 the streamwise pressure gradient which is a positive constant for hydrodynamically fully developed flow (c 1 ¼ À oP Rco/ with R c as the curvature radius, [30]), c 2 the streamwise temperature gradient which is a constant for the thermally fully developed flow, but can be positive or negative depending on heating or cooling of the fluid ( [30,32,33]). …”

A Finite-Element Technique to Determine the Friction Factor and Heat Transfer for Laminar Flow in a Pipe with Irregular Cross Section

“…Although the Rayleigh number for the experimental data of [12-171 is based on the average properties between bulk temperature and cable surface temperature, whereas the analytical solution uses constant bulk properties, the correlation is quite good. Hong and Bergles [3] suggest that at a very high Rayleigh number (2: > lo6) the solution based on constant properties may be in error to'a large extent. 2.…”