Analytical and environmental aspects of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A and its derivatives

Aquatic bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of tetrabromobisphenol-A flame retardant introduced from a typical e-waste recycling site

“…Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) was reported as one of the most used BFRs in the world, covering approximately 60 % of the global BFR usage (Covaci et al 2009;Liu et al 2016). The European BFR Industry Panel reported the worldwide TBBP-A production to be 170, 000 tons in 2004 and stated that this value is increasing (EBFRIP 2007).…”

“…The European BFR Industry Panel reported the worldwide TBBP-A production to be 170, 000 tons in 2004 and stated that this value is increasing (EBFRIP 2007). Due to its large use and environmental persistence, TBBP-A is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is detected in both abiotic and biotic matrices (Covaci et al 2009;Liu et al 2016). TBBP-A is primarily used as a reactive flame retardant in epoxy, polycarbonate, and phenolic resins used in printed circuit boards but also has additive applications in several types of polymers such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins that are mainly used in automotive parts, pipes and fittings, and electrical and electronic equipment (Covaci et al 2009).…”

“…Due to its large use and environmental persistence, TBBP-A is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant that is detected in both abiotic and biotic matrices (Covaci et al 2009;Liu et al 2016). TBBP-A is primarily used as a reactive flame retardant in epoxy, polycarbonate, and phenolic resins used in printed circuit boards but also has additive applications in several types of polymers such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins that are mainly used in automotive parts, pipes and fittings, and electrical and electronic equipment (Covaci et al 2009). With the restriction on OctaBDE mixture, a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant (UNEP 2010), TBBP-A is considered an alternative additive BFR to OctaBDE in ABS (Covaci et al 2009).…”

“…TBBP-A is primarily used as a reactive flame retardant in epoxy, polycarbonate, and phenolic resins used in printed circuit boards but also has additive applications in several types of polymers such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins that are mainly used in automotive parts, pipes and fittings, and electrical and electronic equipment (Covaci et al 2009). With the restriction on OctaBDE mixture, a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant (UNEP 2010), TBBP-A is considered an alternative additive BFR to OctaBDE in ABS (Covaci et al 2009). TBBP-A concentration in this application varies between 10 and 20 % (by weight) (Covaci et al 2009).…”

Hormonal effects of tetrabromobisphenol A using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays

“…Among the BFRs, tetrabromobisphenol A (2,2-bis-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane; TBBPA) is the most widely used in the world (Covaci et al, 2009). It is applied primarily as a reactive flame retardant in printed circuit boards, which are used in numerous electronic and electric equipment such as television, automobile, computer, and fax machine.…”