Analysis the Link between Periodontal Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The hypothesis of an infectious connection from the oro-pharyngeal sphere to the brain underlines the interest in analyzing the link between periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the link between Alzheimer’s disease and periodontal disease in patients aged 65 and over. Databases (PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Library, and Embase) were analyzed for relevant references up to 21 June 2021. The authors independently selected the studies and extracted the data. The quality of included studies was checked using the National Institutes of Health’s quality assessment tools. Five studies were included. The selected studies described in their results an increase in F. nucleatum in Alzheimer’s disease patients (adjusted p = 0.02), and its incidence was linked to C. rectus and P. gingivalis (adjusted HR = 1.22 (1.04–1.43), p = 0.012) as well as A. naeslundii (crude HR = 2.0 (1.1–3.8)). The presence of periodontitis at baseline was associated with a six-fold increase in the rate of cognitive decline over a 6-month follow-up period (ADAS-Cog mean change = 2.9 ± 6.6). The current review suggests an association between periodontal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The treatment of periodontal disease could be a way to explore Alzheimer’s disease prevention.

Associations between self‐reported periodontal disease and nutrient intakes and nutrient‐based dietary patterns in the UK Biobank

“…It is a major cause of tooth loss, which consequently can lead to poor nutritional status, low self‐esteem, and reduced quality of life (Tonetti et al, 2017). A growing body of evidence also suggests that periodontal disease is associated with several conditions, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pre‐eclampsia, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (Chapple et al, 2013; Tonetti et al, 2013; Bourgeois et al, 2019; Nadim et al, 2020; Bora et al, 2021; Gare et al, 2021; Maitre et al, 2021). Periodontal diseases are among the most prevalent chronic infections in humans.…”

Propolis and Diet Rich in Polyphenols as Cariostatic Agents Reducing Accumulation of Dental Plaque

“…Recent comprehensive oral-health studies demonstrate the relationship between oral pathogen, inflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In response to oral bacterial infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced by the host [ 39 ]. Therefore, the increased level of cytokines lead to inflammation and may contribute to the brain inflammation that occurs among patients with Alzheimer’s disease.…”

Doença de Alzheimer no contexto da odontologia: Uma revisão integrativa / Alzheimer's disease in the context of dentistry: An integrative review

“…Sugere-se que existam dois mecanismos de ação que vincula a doença periodontal com a progressão da doença de Alzheimer: o mecanismo inflamatório e o bacteriano (KAMER et al, 2008;OLSEN;SINGHRAO, 2020;BORSA et al, 2021). A influência da doença periodontal na doença de Alzheimer, pode ocorrer devido ao aumento de mediadores inflamatórios a nível sistêmico, que agem em diversas partes do corpo, inclusive, no cérebro (SENSEVER et al, 2018;LICCARDO et al, 2020).…”

“…De acordo com Rangel et al (2012), a inflamação tem papel de grande importância na doença de Alzheimer, pois com o aumento dos mediadores corporais, o estado inflamatório do cérebro pode ser alterado, desencadeando, assim, a progressão da demência. Essa progressão ocorre, principalmente, devido à atividade de mediadores pró-inflamatórios, dentre eles, a interleucina-1 beta (IL -1β), a interleucina-6 (IL-6) e o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) disponíveis no plasma sanguíneo (SENSEVER et al, 2018;LICCARDO et al, 2020;BORSA et al, 2021).…”

“…Para fomentar a hipótese bacteriana, Borsa et al (2021) Com isso, observa-se que muitos estudos sugerem uma relação bidirecional entre a doença periodontal e a doença de Alzheimer (LICCARDO et al, 2020;BORSA et al, 2021), entretanto Sun et al (2020) em seus estudos utilizando uma abordagem de randomização mendeliana de duas amostras através da associação de genomas com o objetivo de examinar a bidirecionalidade entre a doença periodontal e a doença de Alzheimer conclui que não foram encontradas evidências que apoie a periodontite como fator causal da doença de Alzheimer, invalidando a relação causal entre essas doenças.…”