Analysis of wind speed observations over the North Sea

Coelingh, J.P.; Wijk, Ad van; Holtslag, A.A.M.

doi:10.1016/0167-6105(96)00043-8

Cited by 94 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This diabatic method was also used by Coelingh et al to study offshore [4] and onshore sites [5]. These two studies of the North Sea and its coastal areas concluded that diurnal variations are very similar in autumn and winter and that the thermal circulation leads to sea breezes with important effects up to 30 km offshore for wind speeds lower than 7 m/s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Wind Shear at a Site in the North-West of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

2009

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Extrapolations from 10m above the ground up to the wind turbine hub height are frequently made to the data available for wind power assessments. Because of its simplicity, the power law profile has been one of the most popular mathematical formulations to predict the vertical wind shear. This paper presents an analysis of wind speed and wind shear in terms of the directional, diurnal and seasonal patterns for a site at the Autonomous University of Yucatan which experiences the tropical conditions of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. This analysis takes a detailed look at frequency distributions to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the local climatic conditions. Diurnal wind speed variations are shown to be affected in particular by the differing wind conditions associated with fetches over two distinct offshore regions. Seasonal behaviour suggests some departure from the oscillations expected from temperature variation. In addition, the use of rate of change of temperature at one height is proposed as an alternative to vertical temperature gradient inferred from two heights as an indicator of atmospheric stability which will affect the wind shear. The work presented is part of a regionally funded research program to evaluate the onshore and offshore wind potential in the north of the Yucatan Peninsula. K Ke ey yw wo or rd ds s:

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Wind Shear at a Site in the North-West of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

2009

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“…Wind data from M2 are lacking due to the malfunction of our vessel's wind current meter, but landbased permanent weather stations in the area (Bjørnøya, Hopen and Edgeøya; Figure 1) recorded a wind speed of 3-10 m s -1 during this period. Following Coelingh et al (1996), who concluded that the wind speed in the southern North Sea tended to be higher at sea-based stations compared to coastal ones, we presume that the wind speed at M2 was in the range of wind speed encountered at M1 and M3. , respectively), and despite the presence of sea ice, no ice algae were found.…”

Section: Hydrography and Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upward nitrate flux and downward particulate organic carbon flux under contrasting situations of stratification and turbulent mixing in an Arctic shelf sea

Wiedmann

Tremblay

Sundfjord

et al. 2017

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Wiedmann, I, et al 2017 Upward nitrate flux and downward particulate organic carbon flux under contrasting situations of stratification and turbulent mixing in an Arctic shelf sea. Elem Sci Anth, 5: 43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.235 IntroductionThe declining sea ice cover in Arctic seas (Arrigo and van Dijken, 2015; IPCC, 2013) affects the pelagic marine ecosystem in contrasting ways. Sea ice melt strengthens the water column stratification and hampers the upward nitrate flux into the surface layer (Tremblay et al., 2015), while an absent sea ice cover allows various winddriven processes (e.g. wind-driven shear, breaking waves) to induce vertical mixing and shelf-break upwelling (Carmack and McLaughlin, 2011;Rainville et al., 2011;Falk-Petersen et al., 2015). Such mixing and upwelling can generate strong upward nitrate fluxes into the surface layers (Hales et al., 2005;Randelhoff et al., 2016). Dependent on the intensity of the nutrient renewal in the surface layer, the plankton abundance and composition may change, which in turn can modify the downward flux of particulate organic carbon (POC). However, definitive regulating mechanisms of the POC flux are still under discussion (Carmack and Wassmann, 2006;Wassmann and Reigstad, 2011; Forest et al., 2013).We conducted a field study in the Barents Sea, an Arctic shelf sea, to investigate the upward flux of nitrate and the downward flux of POC in contrasting field situations of ice cover, hydrography, mixing, and plankton abundance and composition. Arctic-derived water masses (temperature T < 0°C, salinity S = 34. 4-34.8;Loeng, 1991) influence the northern Barents Sea, which is seasonally ice-covered (annual maximum extension found during March-April; Kvingedal, 2005). In late spring and summer, the sea ice recedes northwards and a phytoplankton bloom commonly occurs in the marginal ice zone, where the waters are well-lit and contain high, winter-accumulated, nutrient concentrations after the ice break-up. This bloom is often associated with a major downward POC flux, because senescent stages, resting stages and aggregates of diatoms, the often prevailing microalgae, have high sinking velocities (Eppley et al., 1967;Bienfang, 1981; Iversen and Ploug, 2013 Increased sea ice melt alters vertical surface-mixing processes in Arctic seas. More melt water strengthens the stratification, but an absent ice cover also exposes the uppermost part of the water column to windinduced mixing processes. We conducted a field study in the Barents Sea, an Arctic shelf sea, to examine the effects of stratification and vertical mixing processes on 1) the upward nitrate flux (into surface layers <65 m) and 2) the downward flux of particulate organic carbon (POC) to ≤200 m. In the Arcticinfluenced, drift ice-covered northern Barents Sea, we found a low upward nitrate flux into the surface layers (<0.1 mmol nitrate m -2 d ). We suggest that strong wind events during our field study induced vertical mixing processes and triggered upwards nitrate flux, while a combination of d...

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“…The wind speed distribution over time in the southern North Sea [11] is defined by a Weibull distribution [12] (Fig. 9).…”

Section: Annual Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Considerations Underlying the Adoption of HVDC and HVAC for the Connection of an Offshore Wind Farm in Korea

Hur¹

2012

Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology

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-Wind energy is created in mega-sized wind farms situated kilometers off shore. In fact, two possibilities are considered for the transmission system between the offshore wind farm and the onshore grid: high-voltage direct current and high-voltage alternating current. From this point of view, the current paper aims to compare both systems for a 2 GW wind farm situated 80 km from the Point of Common Coupling on an economic basis using a discounted cash flow analysis. A tool is developed in Microsoft Excel to allow for quick insight in the variation of input parameters.

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Analysis of wind speed observations over the North Sea

Cited by 94 publications

References 6 publications

Evaluation of the Wind Shear at a Site in the North-West of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Evaluation of the Wind Shear at a Site in the North-West of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Upward nitrate flux and downward particulate organic carbon flux under contrasting situations of stratification and turbulent mixing in an Arctic shelf sea

Economic Considerations Underlying the Adoption of HVDC and HVAC for the Connection of an Offshore Wind Farm in Korea

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