Analysis of water security and source preferences in rural Tanzania

Ngasala, Tula M.; Masten, Susan J.; Phanikumar, Mantha S.; Mwita, Emiliana

doi:10.2166/washdev.2018.169

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Water testing results showed that the water sources used by the school are not safe for drinking due to poor hygiene and unprotected water sources (Ngasala et al 2018(Ngasala et al , 2019a. From the study, it is found that there is a lack of awareness on the domestic water treatment methods and practices with only 17% of the participants knowing about chlorination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Willingness of boarding school students in Tanzania to employ point-of-use water treatment: a case study

Felix

Ngasala

Mbatta

2021

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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Access to safe drinking water is a challenge for students in primary and secondary schools in Tanzania. Only 32.7% of primary and secondary schools in Tanzania have access to safe drinking water and the point-of-use water treatment is rarely used. The traditional water disinfection method by boiling is often limited in boarding schools due to cost and time constraints. The objectives were to assess the willingness and attitude of boarding school students toward the use of the alternative water treatment method and determine the quality of drinking water before and after the introduction of the new method. Chlorine tablets were used due to their availability, ease of use, cost, and effectiveness. Weekly evaluations on usage, performance, and acceptability of chlorine tablets were assessed on 42 randomly selected students over a 3-week period in parallel with water sampling and testing before and after using chlorine tablets. Before the introduction of chlorine, only 17% of the students were aware of chlorine tablets, and water sources tested positive for fecal coliform. After introducing the new method, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the attitude of students toward water treatment (100%), water quality (78%), and water consumption (67%). The work demonstrates the need to provide access to cost-effective household water treatment methods, especially in public schools that lack access to safe water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Willingness of boarding school students in Tanzania to employ point-of-use water treatment: a case study

Felix

Ngasala

Mbatta

2021

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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“…For use as an emergency backup water source, local alternative water sources need to be independent from the current primary water intake (WA DOH, 2017a) and compatible with the existing water supply system (OU, 2016). The alternative water source also needs to be evaluated to determine the potential amount of current demand that can be met with consideration of seasonal variations (Ngasala et al, 2018) and distance from existing infrastructure in relation to cost (Marsden et al, 2006; OECD, 2007). The volume of water that an alternative source can provide during an emergency can be calculated as the amount of water in storage plus the volume supplied by alternative water supply minus current system demand.…”

Section: Selected Countermeasures and Their Contribution To Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Building resilience for an uncertain drinking water future

Huang,

Bixler,

2023

AWWA Water Science

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Enhancing drinking water resilience has become increasingly important. However, a comprehensive analysis of drinking water emergency countermeasures is lacking. This study evaluated eight countermeasures including monitoring, local alternatives, reclaimed water, interconnection, bulk water, pre‐packaged water, emergency treatment, and isolation valves from resilience and sustainability (i.e., life cycle cost) perspectives. While countermeasures such as interconnections perform relatively well from both perspectives, there is a clear trade‐off between resilience and cost. Local alternatives and emergency treatment respond quickly and provide sustained supply during emergencies but may incur higher costs. Bulk water and pre‐packaged water are typically inexpensive but have limited supply capacity and take time to distribute. As future threats are likely to become more frequent and prolonged, it is prudent for service providers to invest in countermeasures that perform well in both resilience and cost and use an integrated approach that combines high capital projects with bulk/pre‐packaged water contracts.

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“…Also, Gerlak et al (2018) suggest that the scholars often adapt the water security concept to the contexts of the cases they are studying. Nonetheless, most of the existing assessments are focused on the national, regional or city scales, and a very few studies have recently started to focus on the rural scale (Penn et al , 2017; Ngasala et al , 2018; Sen and Kansal, 2019; Shah, 2021).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjoint assessment of rural water security and system sustainability in Nagpur, India

Sukhwani

Shaw

2022

IJDRBE

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Purpose In spite of the growing usage of “water security” as a policy template, the sustainable delivery of adequate quantity/quality of water remains a major challenge, specifically in the rural areas of developing countries. Focusing on the specific case of Nagpur (India), this study aims to establish a broader understanding of rural water security and (water supply) system sustainability issues at grassroots-level. Design/methodology/approach Taking due account of the existing assessment methods and the study context of Nagpur, contextualized indicator-based frameworks have been developed for conjointly assessing both the research subjects. Within the identified eight rural clusters (comprising 72 settlements), focus group discussions (with the residents) and semi-structured interviews [with the members of village water and sanitation committees) (VWSCs)] are then conducted to methodically investigate the local stakeholder perception. Findings Through the rural water security (state change) assessment in selected settlements, the water accessibility indicators are consistently reported to have witnessed mostly positive changes, whereas contrasting changes have been reported for various indicators of availability, quality and risks. Superimposing these findings with those of system sustainability assessment (e.g. only 56% VWSCs are reported to be actively functioning), it has been realized that the sustainability of water supply systems is imperative to attain water security goals in the long term. Originality/value Through the conjoint assessment of water security and system sustainability issues, this research responds to the growing call for a broader consideration of these concepts. Moreover, it reports practical ground-level challenges based on primary surveys.

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Analysis of water security and source preferences in rural Tanzania

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

Willingness of boarding school students in Tanzania to employ point-of-use water treatment: a case study

Willingness of boarding school students in Tanzania to employ point-of-use water treatment: a case study

Building resilience for an uncertain drinking water future

Conjoint assessment of rural water security and system sustainability in Nagpur, India

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