Analysis of water consumption in toilets employing Shewhart, EWMA, and Shewhart-EWMA combined control charts

Freitas, Lucas Lepinski Golin; Henning, Elisa; Kalbusch, Andreza; Konrath, Andréa Cristina; Walter, Olga Maria Formigoni Carvalho

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.114

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The Shewhart control chart is used to control the quality of production [30,34] or control the widely understood analysis of multidimensional statistical data [8,15]. In [13] the authors used this method (along with its different variances) for a statistical analysis and control of the water consumption in flush toilets in a public building. There are also some articles which are in opposition to the Shewhart control method.…”

Section: Statistical Parameter Control Methods (Control Chart)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2022

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Section: Statistical Parameter Control Methods (Control Chart)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2022

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“…Although other methods are also used for threshold adjustment, in this study, the analysis of data from long-term care institutions requires consideration of the effect of the initial threshold and each data is calculated independently, so the weighted moving average method is more appropriate. Freitas et al 32 used the EWMA control chart to monitor toilet water consumption with different flush buttons, and sought reasons when the warning line was surpassed. Aquino proposed an EWMA-based system to monitor driver fatigue by detecting a vehicle's lane departure.…”

Section: Dynamic Threshold Adjustmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Internet of things technology to construct an integrated intelligent sensing environment for long-term care service

Hung

Hsieh

Lin

et al. 2021

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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In the current long-term care environment, there is a shortage of manpower and a high turnover rate of staff. Therefore, residential institutions are eager to build an effective Internet of Things integration mechanism to assist institutions with automatic sensor detection and early warning capabilities. Although Internet of Things facilities have enabled prompt notification and warning of emergency events, the following problems exist when implementing Internet of Things in the facilities: (1) low compatibility between sensors has led to excessive installation costs; (2) warning systems that are based on fixed threshold values and lack of flexibility can cause false or omitted reports that result in the incapability of reflecting real conditions and additional labor costs would be required. This study uses a medical-grade Internet of Things module that can calculate the environmental values with edge computing to generate different levels of alarms by combining the index-weighted moving average method to dynamically calculate the optimal threshold value for the environment. It takes 2 months to collect data from care institutions. The average F1-Score obtained in different environments is between 0.46 and 0.88. The results show that compared with using a fixed threshold, this method can effectively reduce sensor error notifications and missed notifications.

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“…Prevention or suppressing of pandemics requires adequate water availability, acceptable water quality, and sustainable management of water resources (Cooper, 2020). The use of intelligent or smart equipment (sensors and meters) in smart water networks and advanced data analytics is necessary to ensure sustainable and efficient water management through digitalization of water (Di Nardo et al, 2013;Freitas et al, 2019;Fuentes & Mauricio, 2020;Liu & Mukheibir, 2018;Water Europe, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of the protective measures taken for the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption and post meter leakages in public places

Muhammetoğlu

2022

Environ Monit Assess

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Adequate, secure, and sustainable water supply gained utmost importance as an essential public service during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this research study is to investigate impacts of the protective measures taken for the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption and post meter leakages in public places. A total of 22 pilot study sites (PSS) representing schools, graveyards, parks, mosques, public toilets, a university building, and a sport facility were chosen to apply this study. The PSS were equipped with smart meters with different sizes that were capable of measuring the flow rates at short intervals of 15 min. The flow rates were continuously monitored at the PSS for more than 1 year before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 and 2020. Post meter leakages were determined based on the minimum night flow (MNF). The monitoring results showed a considerable decrease (42%) in the total flow rates at public places because of the lockdown measures, but excessive post meter leakages (72% of total flow rates) were also observed. Additionally, the decrease in flow rates adversely affected measuring accuracy of the meters and thereby increased the apparent water losses. Control of post meter leakages and selection of appropriate size of meters are important for efficient use of urban water. Water and energy savings besides reduction in greenhouse gas emissions are the main environmental benefits of leakage control. The use of smart technologies contributes to efficient and sustainable management of urban water demand, but raising public awareness for conservation of water is essential. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10661-022-09913-w.

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Analysis of water consumption in toilets employing Shewhart, EWMA, and Shewhart-EWMA combined control charts

Cited by 15 publications

References 35 publications

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Using Internet of things technology to construct an integrated intelligent sensing environment for long-term care service

Impacts of the protective measures taken for the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption and post meter leakages in public places

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