Analysis of three private hydraulic systems operated in Apamea during the Byzantine period

Vannesse, Michaël; Haut, Benoı̂t; Debaste, Frédéric; Viviers, Didier

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.03.022

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In addition, hydraulic calculations have shown that these systems were necessarily connected to a working aqueduct, to permanently supply them with water (Figure 17). This highlights the important link between water and wealth in the Byzantine period of the city [71].…”

Section: The Gupta Period (Ca 319-467 Ad)mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…There are no remains of the internal aqueduct in the southern part of the city. However, archaeological excavations have shown that, around the mid-6th century AD [71], three large buildings were equipped with hydraulic systems, two nymphaea and a private bath. In addition, hydraulic calculations have shown that these systems were necessarily connected to a working aqueduct, to permanently supply them with water (Figure 17).…”

Section: The Gupta Period (Ca 319-467 Ad)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Times and the Future

Angelakιs

Capodaglio

Passchier³

et al. 2023

Water

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Contaminated water and poor sanitation are associated with disease transmission. Absent, inadequate, or improperly managed water resources and sanitation systems expose individuals to preventable health risks. Billions of people lack access to these basic services today and will remain in this condition for decades to come. As we are usually thinking and talking about water, sanitation and hygiene services have changed. Looking back at the history of water, sanitation, and hygiene can help us understand the challenges and opportunities of these issues and draw lessons to achieve sustainable development in the future. Throughout history, civilizations have successfully experimented with treating water and using it for drinking, sanitation, and agriculture. For example, the Minoan civilizations originally focused on water treatment and cleaning to improve the aesthetic properties of drinking water. During prehistoric times, Minoan and Indus Valley civilizations, dating back to about 2000 BC, were the first to focus on the treatment of water supplies. From the early Minoan period, they relied on rainwater collection. During historic times, Hippocrates was the first to invent and used a water filter in the form of a cloth bag, at about 400 BC, known today as the Hippocrates Sleeve. The Romans perfected existing water technologies on a larger scale and initiated their spread throughout the Empire. Hygiene in ancient Rome was promoted by the famous public baths and toilets, which were supplied with water through widely branched aqueducts that had a high standard of cleanliness for the time and were regularly maintained.

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Section: The Gupta Period (Ca 319-467 Ad)mentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: The Gupta Period (Ca 319-467 Ad)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Times and the Future

Angelakιs

Capodaglio

Passchier³

et al. 2023

Water

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“…The flowrate supplied to ancient fountains has been estimated for a limited number of isolated structures. Vannesse et al (2014) calculated, for three private installations fed by rear-placed reservoirs in byzantine Apamea, 2 a flowrate in the range 7 to 33 l/s. Ortoloff and Crouch (2001) calculated a maximum flowrate of 3.8 l/s for each of the ten spouts of the Ephesus fountain house.…”

Section: Objectives Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The supply of the public lacus of Pompeii, estimated from the discharge of their overflow channels

2021

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The term lacus generally identified the public fountains in the main streets of ancient Roman towns, providing for the population daily water demand. The simplest lacus consisted of a stone basin and a spout stone, concealing one or two supply pipes. 35 street fountains of this type have been surveyed in Pompeii, to gather information on their supply and its variation in time. A new method was devised for calculating the discharge through the overflow channel of each lacus, and this value was taken as an estimate of the water supplied to each fountain. The overflow channel internal cross-section width was measured at four elevations, and the cross-section profile was reconstructed based on these data. Three water levels of 1 cm, half of the cross-section height and entire cross section height, were considered at each channel’s inlet, obtaining a corresponding channel discharge. The values obtained, ranging from 0.03 to 2.9 l/s, were checked against the trajectory of the fountain water jet, making sure that it remained within the basin length. For 28 fountains the average discharge was found to be 0.08 l/s when the water was at the lowest level, 0.43 l/s for the intermediate level and 1.18 l/s for a full inlet. The average time of residence of the water, in the lacus draw basin, was estimated between 11 min and 3 h. An estimate of the demand of all the town lacus was compared with the capacity of the aqueduct channel entering at Porta Vesuvio: the town lacus could have been supplied contemporaneously at the minimum and intermediate discharges.

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“…Cistern arrangements were studied by Vannesse et al (2014) in the context of Apamea in Syria. Three cisterns with inflow arrangements suggesting jets and outflows are reported, with steady-flow hand calculations carried out to examine the jet trajectories and the likely inflow and outflow rates; conceptual calculations for a terracotta-piped aqueduct are carried out, suggesting up to 20 similar arrangements of cistern could have been supplied from the source.…”

Section: B-hydraulic Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CFD was further used by Haut et al (2007) for a study of a short length of aqueduct channel with two connected cisterns, in Apamea-the same system as that later studied by Vannesse et al (2014) reviewed above. The authors derived energy loss coefficients by studying detailed flow patterns such as the formation of vortices.…”

Section: C-flow In Water Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydraulic engineering analysis of Roman water infrastructure: a review of practice and possibilities

et al. 2021

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A short review is presented covering English-language publications where quantitative engineering analysis has been used to study and gain insight into how ancient Roman and Mediterranean water systems functioned. The review covers work on using technical engineering perspectives to try and understand the geometrical layout of water systems, quantitative work of a type readily accomplished by undergraduate civil engineering students, such as calculating the flow capacity of aqueducts and other conduits of known dimensions, and more involved studies using computational techniques usually applied by specialist engineers in research or industry. It is concluded that the many different levels of analyses employed have given insight into how Roman water systems worked, for example the amount of water they delivered, and the kinds of issues their designers and operators might have faced. It is hoped that this review will inspire further interdisciplinary study in Archaeohydrology, using modern engineering techniques to amplify and extend the story of Roman water systems told by archaeologists.

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Analysis of three private hydraulic systems operated in Apamea during the Byzantine period

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Times and the Future

Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Times and the Future

The supply of the public lacus of Pompeii, estimated from the discharge of their overflow channels

Hydraulic engineering analysis of Roman water infrastructure: a review of practice and possibilities

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