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About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.Abstract An h-adaptive finite element code for solving coupled Navier-Stokes and energy equations is used to solve the thermally driven cavity problem. The buoyancy forces are represented using the Boussinesq approximation. The problem is characterised by very thin boundary layers at high values of Rayleigh number (b 10 6 ). However, steady state solutions are achievable with adequate discretisation. This is where the auto-adaptive finite element method provides a powerful means of achieving optimal solutions without having to pre-define a mesh, which may be either inadequate or too expensive. Steady state and transient results are given for six different Rayleigh numbers in the range 10 3 to 10 8 for a Prandtl number of 0.71. The use of h-adaptivity, based on a posteriori error estimation, is found to ensure a very accurate problem solution at a reasonable computational cost.
16Despite the extensive archaeological surveys carried out in the last decades, little attention has been paid to 17 one of the longest water supply systems of ancient times -the Byzantine water infrastructure which fed
18Constantinople from the mid-late fourth century AD. This work uses modern satellite terrain data and
19Global Positioning System (GPS) data to assess this system and provide an improved description of its 20 route, total length and gradient profile. 44 validated GPS Control Points were correlated with ASTER 21 GDEM V2 digital satellite data and archaeological information in a Geographic Information System (GIS) 22 environment. We concluded that the total length of the water supply system was 426 km, and possibly even
29Keywords
The modelling of the agglomeration and deposition on a constricted tube collector of colloidal size particles immersed in a liquid is investigated using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The ability of this method to model surface interactions allows the modelling of particle agglomeration and deposition at the particle scale.The numerical model adopts a mechanistic approach to represent the forces involved in colloidal suspension by including near wall drag retardation, surface interaction and Brownian forces. The model is implemented using the commercially available DEM package EDEM 2.3®, so that results can be replicated in a standard and user-friendly framework. The effect of various particle-tocollector size ratios, inlet fluid flow-rates and particle concentrations are examined and it is found that deposition efficiency is strongly dependent on inter-relation of these parameters.
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