Analysis of the reasons for the penetration of copper into steel during welding

Combined titanium-steel structures formation by directed energy deposition using vanadium and nickel interlayers

“…To overcome this problem, an additional layer between vanadium and iron layers, for example, copper was used [15] or nickel, which is well welded with most iron-based alloys [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. However, a layer of pure copper signi cantly impairs corrosion resistance and reduces the whole structure strength due to the low strength properties of copper [34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Nickel application as an intermediate layer between vanadium and steel is valid because of a lower melting point relative to iron.…”