Analysis of the light-induced degradation of differently matched tandem solar cells with and without an intermediate reflector using the Power Matching Method

Effect of glass frit in Ag paste on the electrical properties of front-side Ag contacts for crystalline-silicon solar cells

“…[1][2][3][4] Screenprinted thick-lm silver metallization is widely used for the front-side contacts of silicon solar cells because it is more costand time-effective than other metallization techniques such as photolithography or light-induced electroplating. 5,6 In general, a silver paste primarily consists of three constituents: [7][8][9] (a) a powder of silver particles, which provides the conductive phase for collecting electrons owing to silver's superior conductivity among the noble metals; (b) glass frit, as a binder phase to adhere the silver phase to the silicon substrate and ensure the formation of an Ag-Si contact; (c) an organic medium, which disperses the silver powder and glass frit to obtain a good aspect ratio of the grids and is required to attain the desired rheological properties of the paste. Several studies [10][11][12] have reported the role of glass frit in Ag-Si contact formation.…”