Analysis of the Implementation of the Primary and/or Inertial Frequency Control in Variable Speed Wind Turbines in an Isolated Power System with High Renewable Penetration. Case Study: El Hierro Power System

Martínez‐Lucas, Guillermo; Sarasúa, José Ignacio; Pérez‐Díaz, Juan I.; Martínez, Sergio; Ochoa, Danny

doi:10.3390/electronics9060901

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Then, the frequency is restored to 50 Hz by the secondary regulation action, which is commanded by the system's Automatic Generation Control (AGC). The AGC "continuously" sends power set-point signals to the online generation units (Martínez -Lucas et al, 2020). The AGC system is modeled as in (Pérez-Díaz, et al, 2014), specifically equations ( 22)-(25).…”

Section: Proposed Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplified Event-Based Load Shedding Scheme for Frequency Stability in an Isolated Power System With High Renewable Penetration. El Hierro: A Case Study

Sarasúa¹,

Pérez‐Díaz²,

Martínez‐Lucas³

et al. 2021

Front. Energy Res.

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This study presents a novel approach to calculate the load to be shed in El Hierro isolated power system in generation tripping events. The proposed shedding law is based on a linear regression model. The regression model is obtained by means of offline dynamic simulations in a set of representative test cases. The proposed shedding law has been compared to the under-frequency load shedding scheme currently utilized in El Hierro, considering three different implementation schemes. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed shedding law can contribute to reduce the average amount of load shed in generation tripping events and meet the requirements of the system’s frequency with a moderate investment in smart power management devices.

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Section: Proposed Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplified Event-Based Load Shedding Scheme for Frequency Stability in an Isolated Power System With High Renewable Penetration. El Hierro: A Case Study

Sarasúa¹,

Pérez‐Díaz²,

Martínez‐Lucas³

et al. 2021

Front. Energy Res.

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“…Real measured values of solar irradiation from a PV power plant in Albacete (Spain) are used for simulation purposes. In addition, synthetic wind speeds estimated from the methodology detailed in [88] are also included in the scenarios. Such synthetic wind speeds have been statistically compared to real measured wind speed series, obtaining similar values.…”

Section: Scenarios Under Considerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems

et al. 2020

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Over the last two decades, variable renewable energy technologies (i.e., variable-speed wind turbines (VSWTs) and photovoltaic (PV) power plants) have gradually replaced conventional generation units. However, these renewable generators are connected to the grid through power converters decoupled from the grid and do not provide any rotational inertia, subsequently decreasing the overall power system’s inertia. Moreover, the variable and stochastic nature of wind speed and solar irradiation may lead to large frequency deviations, especially in isolated power systems. This paper proposes a hybrid wind–PV frequency control strategy for isolated power systems with high renewable energy source integration under variable weather conditions. A new PV controller monitoring the VSWTs’ rotational speed deviation is presented in order to modify the PV-generated power accordingly and improve the rotational speed deviations of VSWTs. The power systems modeled include thermal, hydro-power, VSWT, and PV power plants, with generation mixes in line with future European scenarios. The hybrid wind–PV strategy is compared to three other frequency strategies already presented in the specific literature, and gets better results in terms of frequency deviation (reducing the mean squared error between 20% and 95%). Additionally, the rotational speed deviation of VSWTs is also reduced with the proposed approach, providing the same mean squared error as the case in which VSWTs do not participate in frequency control. However, this hybrid strategy requires up to a 30% reduction in the PV-generated energy. Extensive detailing of results and discussion can be also found in the paper.

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“…In the first one, the pitch angle is increased from β 0 to β 1 for a constant s w . Subsequently, the generated power p del is below the maximum power p MPP [26][27][28][29]. When the additional power ∆p d is supplied, the pitch angle reduces to β 0 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation

et al. 2020

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The lack of synchronous inertia, associated with the relevant penetration of variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs) into isolated power systems, has increased their vulnerability to strong frequency deviations. In fact, the activation of load shedding schemes is a common practice when an incident occurs, i.e., the outage of a conventional unit. Under this framework, wind power plants should actively contribute to frequency stability and grid reliability. However, the contribution of VSWTs to frequency regulation involves several drawbacks related to their efficiency and equipment wear due to electrical power requirements, rotational speed changes, and subsequently, shaft torque oscillations. As a result, wind energy producers are not usually willing to offer such frequency regulation. In this paper, a new control technique is proposed to optimize the frequency response of wind power plants after a power imbalanced situation. The proposed frequency controller depends on different power system parameters through a linear regression to determine the contribution of wind power plants for each imbalance condition. As a consequence, VSWTs frequency contribution is estimated to minimize their mechanical and electrical efforts, thus reducing their equipment wear. A group of sixty supply-side and imbalance scenarios are simulated and analyzed. Results of the case study are compared to previous proposals. The proposed adaptive control reduces the maximum torque and rotational speed variations while at the same time maintaining similar values of the load shedding program. Extensive results and discussion are included in the paper.

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Analysis of the Implementation of the Primary and/or Inertial Frequency Control in Variable Speed Wind Turbines in an Isolated Power System with High Renewable Penetration. Case Study: El Hierro Power System

Cited by 16 publications

References 39 publications

Simplified Event-Based Load Shedding Scheme for Frequency Stability in an Isolated Power System With High Renewable Penetration. El Hierro: A Case Study

Simplified Event-Based Load Shedding Scheme for Frequency Stability in an Isolated Power System With High Renewable Penetration. El Hierro: A Case Study

Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems

An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation

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