“…According to prior research, many economic variables affect environmental degradation, including foreign direct investment, international tourism, energy consumption, imports and exports, technological innovation, financial development, industrialisation, urbanisation, human capital, economic growth and trade openness (Rudolph and Figge, 2017;Ayobamiji and Kalmaz, 2020;Adebayo et al, 2020;Yasin et al, 2020;Aller et al, 2021;Zeraibi et al, 2021;Ahmed et al, 2022b;Ali et al, 2022;Burki and Tahir, 2022;Chaudhry et al, 2022;Gopakumar et al, 2022;Sahoo and Sethi, 2022;Shah et al, 2022). One of the most critical indicators of environmental degradation is the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is essential to accelerate the economic liberalisation and openness of various economies (Nasir et al, 2019;Neves et al, 2020).…”