This paper examines the relationship between economic growth (GDP per capita) and air pollution (CO2 emission per capita) in the Persian Gulf States based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using regression analysis. First, the results provide weak support for the EKC hypothesis over the time series of data of 35 years from 1980 to 2014 spanning seven states. Instead, a positive linear relationship is suggested so that growth is associated with increasing emissions. Second, the factors underlying the rejection of the EKC hypothesis include institutional challenges for emission reduction such as (1) political restrictions, (2) soft budget constraints that are less-environmentally-friendly and (3) underdeveloped waste management, Third, weak support for the EKC hypothesis suggests opportunities for Japan to boost its international presence by participating in the Gulf States in decoupling economic growth from CO 2 emissions.
This study explores the achievement of both growth and environmental conservation by digital platform providers, employing financial performance and environmental impact data from six providers in the US and Japan. 1) The regression analyses confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in three combinations of earnings per share (EPS)–electricity consumption or waste generation, treasury stocks–water consumption, and an inverted N-shaped curve in the combination of EPS–Scope 2 CO₂ emissions. 2) The growing trend of Environment, Society, and Governance (ESG)-oriented investment has acted as competitive pressure on the providers for fundraising, especially in spurring them to disclose information. 3) Both increasing EPS to the verified thresholds and ESG-oriented management are deciding factors, and any advanced EPS and ESG-based approaches could contribute toward developing academic frontiers.
This study explores how public utilities in Japan demonstrate the achievement of both growth and environmental conservation, by using financial performance and environmental impact data from publicly traded companies of power, gas, transport, telecommunication, and postal services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, the regression analyses confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and an inverted N-shaped curve in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Second, the deciding factors are the result of the interaction of the following five points, which have been more encouraged and promoted in Japan in recent years: (1) regulatory reforms such as energy market opening; (2) investors’ emphasis on environment, society, and governance (ESG); (3) guidelines and assessments by economic organizations, rating agencies, and environmental nonprofit groups; (4) citizens’ professional ethics and willingness for environmental conservation and social contribution; and (5) endogenous efforts by the public utilities as members of society. Third, an approach that focuses on ESG and total shareholders return (TSR) can contribute not only to the achievement of both growth and environmental conservation but also to the expansion of the academic literature.
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