Analysis of the EU policy package on climate change and renewables

The Spanish Turn against Renewable Energy Development

“…Spanish energy policy has moved from strong economic support in the mid-2000s for new facilities based on their environmental benefits, to a policy characterized by reduced remuneration for both existing and new facilities, making self-consumption more difficult, and increasing uncertainty related to complex technical criteria and lack of guarantees of mid-term regulatory stability [70]. For instance, in its 2016 report, the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, ([71], p. 19) claims that "There is a lack of investor confidence in a number of significant countries because of past political events or energy policy decisions, from Ukraine to Spain, and Argentina to Greece" and ( [71], p. 25) "Spain, scene of particularly painful retroactive revenue cuts imposed by the government during the 2011-14 period, and the end of all support for new projects, saw investment of just $573 million in 2014. This was marginally up on the previous year but miles below the $23.6 billion peak of 2008".…”

“…However, while there is some convergence in how EU countries are responding to climate risks, and to the energy challenge in particular [19][20][21][22][23][24], states' environmental and energy policies combined with their individual market characteristics are continuing to shape the particularities of how policy innovation, adoption, and implementation within countries is taking place [25][26][27][28][29]. In response to this heterogeneity, there is a considerable body of recent research that is devoted to understanding this socio-technical transition phenomenon, and especially from a multi-level perspective (MLP) [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

An analysis of Spain's global and environmental efficiency from a European Union perspective

“…Although there continues to be improvements in efficiency, in general the values are lower than for the natural approach. In this case, the highest values, at the beginning and the end of the period, are those of the block of countries which have been longer at the heart of the EU-28 and, therefore, as has been seen in the Introduction, have had policies oriented towards slowing down climate change and improving energy efficiency for longer (Cansino et al, 2010(Cansino et al, , 2011Capros et al, 2011;Carvalho, 2012). albeit with a higher dispersion.…”

Promotion of Electricity from Renewable Energy in Europe Post 2020—The Economic Benefits of Cooperation

“…Already in the context of the 2001 EU Renewables Directive (2001/77/EC), which defines (indicative) renewable targets for 2010, have many authors discussed the potential benefits of European-wide harmonized support systems (e.g., Voogt et al (2001) and Del Río (2005)) or the suitability of different support scheme designs for a harmonized approach (e.g., Lauber (2004), Munoz et al (2007) and Söderholm (2008)). For the target year 2020, possible gains from harmonization have been quantified, e.g., by Ragwitz et al (2007), EWI (2010), Capros et al (2011), Aune et al (2012) and Jägemann et al (2012).…”

“…In contrast, Ragwitz et al (2007) compare support expenditures for RES-E under different promotion systems. Capros et al (2011) and Aune et al (2012) apply multi-market models and determine cost savings in terms of energy system costs, including electricity supply costs as well as costs in other energy markets (e.g., natural gas). Jägemann et al (2012) use a large-scale dynamic optimization model of the European electricity generation sector, which covers thermal, renewable and storage technologies.…”