Analysis of the effect of mobile phone base station antenna loading on localized SAR and its consequences for measurements

Hansson, B.; Thors, Björn; Törnevik, Christer

doi:10.1002/bem.20683

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For simplicity, the feed networks and the detailed antenna element structures were replaced by arrays of simple wire dipoles fed with voltage sources at the center of each element. This simplification should provide accurate results for SAR simulations when the separation distance between the antenna and the phantom is larger than 1-2 wavelengths [van Wyk et al, 2005;Hansson et al, 2011]. The dimensions of the antenna elements and the reflectors were adapted to obtain a good impedance match and fulfill set tolerance requirements on the vertical and horizontal halfpower beam widths (VHPBW and HHPBW).…”

Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio frequency electromagnetic field compliance assessment of multi‐band and MIMO equipped radio base stations

Thors

Thielens

Friden

et al. 2014

Bioelectromagnetics

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In this paper, different methods for practical numerical radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance assessments of radio base station (RBS) products are investigated. Both multi-band base station antennas and antennas designed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission schemes are considered. For the multi-band case, various standardized assessment methods are evaluated in terms of resulting compliance distance with respect to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels and basic restrictions. Both single frequency and multiple frequency (cumulative) compliance distances are determined, using numerical simulations for a mobile communication base station antenna transmitting in four frequency bands between 800 MHz and 2600 MHz. The assessments are conducted in terms of the root-mean squared electromagnetic field, the whole-body averaged SAR and the peak 10g averaged SAR. In general, assessments based on peak field strengths are found to be less computationally intensive but lead to larger compliance distances than spatial averaging of electromagnetic fields used in combination with localized SAR assessments. As long as adult exposure is considered, the results also indicate that even shorter compliance distances are obtained by using assessments based on localized and wholebody SAR. Numerical simulations, using base station products employing multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) transmission schemes, are performed as well and are in good agreement with reference measurements. The applicability of various field combination methods for correlated exposure is investigated, and best estimate methods are proposed. It is also shown, that field combining methods generally considered as conservative may be used to efficiently assess compliance boundary dimensions of single-and dual-polarized multicolumn base station antennas with only minor increases in compliance distances. Key words: Mobile communication; Electromagnetic field exposure; EMF compliance; SpecificAbsorption Rate; MIMO; Multi-standard radio base station; Multi-band radio base station. INTRODUCTIONBefore radio base station (RBS) products are placed on the market, their manufacturers conduct electromagnetic field (EMF) product compliance assessments to make sure that the equipment fulfills relevant regulatory requirements on EMF exposure. The purpose of these assessments is to determine compliance boundaries outside of which the radiofrequency (RF) EMF exposure is below applicable exposure limits. The most widely adopted exposure limits are specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) [ICNIRP, 1998]. For frequencies between 10 MHz to 10 GHz, including the frequency range used for mobile communications, the fundamental dosimetric quantity is the specific absorption rate (SAR). SAR corresponds to the rate of dissipated energy per unit mass within the exposed body due to the incident electromagnetic fields. Assessing exposure with respect to the basic re...

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Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio frequency electromagnetic field compliance assessment of multi‐band and MIMO equipped radio base stations

Thors

Thielens

Friden

et al. 2014

Bioelectromagnetics

Self Cite

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“…The radio frequency field strength and SAR near the radio communication base station were measured, and the human exposure limit was evaluated. Reference [20] simulates the SAR caused by the base station antenna. Reference [21] uses the lossy transmission line model in the ORCAD PSpice simulator for exposure simulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Base Stations Co-located with High-Voltage Transmission Towers

et al. 2023

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This paper presents the analysis of electromagnetic radiation of mobile base stations co-located with high-voltage transmission towers. Although the layout of power poles and towers is uniform and symmetrical, the electromagnetic field radiated to the outside world is asymmetric. Field measurements were conducted in different co-located base station scenarios, and the field strength results in both the vertical and horizontal directions were analyzed in depth. Then, the ray tracing simulation method was used to obtain the electromagnetic field distribution characteristics for the 5G base station co-located high-voltage tower. Finally, the specific absorption rate (SAR) was adopted to evaluate human exposure in co-located base station scenarios, and a physical area-based human exposure assessment method proposed. The obtained results can be useful for inspectors of mobile base stations co-located with high-voltage transmission towers to avoid or reduce the impact of electromagnetic radiation.

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Whole-body average SAR measurement using flat phantoms for radio base station antennas and its applicability to adult and child human models

Iyama

Onishi²,

Sasaki

et al. 2018

Ann. Telecommun.

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Analysis of the effect of mobile phone base station antenna loading on localized SAR and its consequences for measurements

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Radio frequency electromagnetic field compliance assessment of multi‐band and MIMO equipped radio base stations

Radio frequency electromagnetic field compliance assessment of multi‐band and MIMO equipped radio base stations

Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation of Mobile Base Stations Co-located with High-Voltage Transmission Towers

Whole-body average SAR measurement using flat phantoms for radio base station antennas and its applicability to adult and child human models

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