Analysis of the acute phase responses of Serum Amyloid A, Haptoglobin and Type 1 Interferon in cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O

Abstract

A series of challenge experiments were performed in order to investigate the acute phase responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle and possible implications for the development of persistently infected "carriers". The host response to infection was investigated through measurements of the concentrations of the acute phase proteins (APPs) serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (HP), as well as the bioactivity of type 1 interferon (IFN) in serum of infected animals. Results were based on measurements from a total of 36 infected animals of which 24 were kept for observational periods exceeding 28 days in order to determine the carrier-status of individual animals. The systemic host response to FMDV in infected animals was evaluated in comparison to similar measurements in sera from 6 mock-inoculated control animals.There was a significant increase in serum concentrations of both APPs and type 1 IFN in infected animals coinciding with the onset of viremia and clinical disease. The measured parameters declined to baseline levels within 21 days after inoculation, indicating that there was no systemically measurable inflammatory reaction related to the carrier state of FMD. There was a statistically significant difference in the HP response between carriers and non-carriers with a lower response in the animals that subsequently developed into FMDV carriers. It was concluded that the induction of SAA, HP and type 1 IFN in serum can be used as markers of acute infection by FMDV in cattle.

Haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and ceruloplasmin concentrations in cattle with suspicion of coryza gangrenosa bovum

“…In the studies conducted, it was revealed that Saa and hp values were extremely important markers (HORADAGODA et al, 1999) in distinctive diagnosis of bacterial (AYTEKIN et al, 2016;ECKERSALL et al, 2006;GANHEIM et al, 2003;SKINNER and rOBertS, 1991;WaLker et al, 1994) and viral (BASBUG et al, 2016;GANHEIM et al, 2003;HEEGARD et al, 2000;HOFNER et al, 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011;ULUTAS et al, 2011) diseases, and plasma levels in these diseases increased significantly.…”

“…STENFELDT et al (2011) stated that Saa and hp increases may be used as a marker of acute infection in cattle with foot-and-mouth disease. In bovine respiratory syncytial virus caused experimentally by HEEGARD et al (2000), it was indicated that hp levels increased with the severity of the disease, Saa was the acute phase protein responding more rapidly to the infection, having higher sensitivity than hp.…”

“…It was reported by HUSSEIN et al (2012) that the serum Cp concentration reference values were between 8.8-33.4 mg/dL. In some studies, on the other hand, Cp levels were determined as 1.98 mg/dL by BASBUG et al (2016), as 4.37 by AYTEKIN et al (2016), as 5.6 by NISBet et al (2008), as 6 by NAZIFI et al (2009) Increased levels of aPPs found in infection conditions have been shown to change in accordance with the type, severity and course of infection in a variety of experimental and natural bacterial and viral diseases (AYTEKIN et al, 2016;BASBUG et al, 2016; M. Issi et al: haptoglobin, serum amyloid a and ceruloplasmin concentrations in cattle with suspicion of coryza gangrenosa bovum ECKERSALL et al, 2006;GANHEIM et al, 2003;HOFNER et al, 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011;ULUTAS et al, 2011).…”

“…In literature reviews, although there is a number of publications relating to serum hp, Saa and Cp concentrations in healthy cattle, it was determined that there is a limited number of studies relating to serum enzyme levels of aPPs in viral infections (GANHEIM et al, 2003;HEEGARD et al, 2000;HOFNER et al, 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011;ULUTAS et al, 2011). Within this scope, changes in aPPs have been examined in bovine viral diarrhea virus (GANHEIM et al, 2003;ULUTAS et al, 2011), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (AYTEKIN et al, 2016), foot-and-mouth disease virus (HOFNER et al 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011) and lumpy skin disease (BASBUG et al, 2016) infections.…”

“…Within this scope, changes in aPPs have been examined in bovine viral diarrhea virus (GANHEIM et al, 2003;ULUTAS et al, 2011), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (AYTEKIN et al, 2016), foot-and-mouth disease virus (HOFNER et al 1994;STENFELDT et al, 2011) and lumpy skin disease (BASBUG et al, 2016) infections. Nevertheless, in a number of studies the need is highlighted for a better understanding of the role of aPPs and clinic areas of use (ECKERSALL and BELL, 2010;ULUTAS et al, 2011).…”