Analysis of Sudan I in Food by QuEChERS Combined with Ultrasound-assisted Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction with Solidification of Floating Organic Drop (UADLLME-SFO) Prior to HPLC-PAD

Abstract

A convenient and environmentally friendly method was developed for extraction and enrich of Sudan I from tomato sauce and chilli products. The method is based on an ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop (UADLLME-SFO) after a preliminary QuEChERS procedure, which was followed by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PAD). The several parameters involved in the UADLLME-SFO step was optimized. The optimal variables obtained were 30 μL of 1-dodecanol as the extraction solvent, 1.0 mL of acetone as disperse solvent, ultrasonic irritation for 15 min, and no salt addition. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection for Sudan I was as low as 1.5 μg kg −1 . The recoveries obtained was between 79% and 92% (RSD, 4.8% _ 7.1%, n = 7). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Sudan I in four kinds of real samples.

Facile and Selective Determination of Total Phthalic Acid Esters Level in Soft Drinks by Molecular Fluorescence Based on Petroleum Ether Microextraction and Selective Derivation by H2SO4

“…Then, we observed a decrease in recovery with increasing the ultrasonic time from 20 to 30 min. We previously observed a similar effect for SFO-DLLME with Sudan I and IL-DLLME for DBP with increasing ultrasound exposure time [1,14]. During petroleum ether microextraction, ultrasonic treatment produces and maintains the cloudy state in extraction mixtures, which is necessary for target analytes to come into contact with the extraction solvent.…”

“…We conducted petroleum ether microextraction following the procedure we previously described, with some modifications [1,14,15]. Briefly, we transferred 20.00 mL of a thoroughly degassed sample into a 25.00 mL glass tube with a narrow neck.…”

“…However, its extractants are highly toxic and dispersed in the environment [13]. According to our previous results, ultrasound and DLLME are suitable methods for this task, with some modifications, due to their several advantages, such as less toxicity, rapidity, low cost, strong enrichment capacity, and ease of operation [1,14]. In 2017, we found that our proposed method, ultrasound-assisted upper liquid-liquid microextraction (UAULLME), enables convenient extraction and collection, is almost nontoxic, and produces no residual solvents from the target compound solution [15].…”

A Fast and Simple Method for the Determination of 12 Synthetic Dyes in Spicy Foods by UHPLC-HRMS

“…At present, the "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe" (QuEChERS) sample preparation is a useful extraction and cleanup method for concentrating and purifying these target compounds in complex food matrices. 25,26 The aim of this work was to evaluate and optimize a rapid method applied to an easy sample preparation procedure (QuEChERS). In this study, 12 dyes (Sudan I−IV, Sudan black B, Sudan orange G, Sudan red 7B, Sudan red B, Sudan red G, butter yellow, para red, and rhodamine B) were detected together in a single extraction and one single run.…”

“…For complex food matrices, sample pretreatment is necessary. At present, the “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe” (QuEChERS) sample preparation is a useful extraction and cleanup method for concentrating and purifying these target compounds in complex food matrices. , …”