Analysis of serum soluble CD40 ligand in patients with influenza virus-associated encephalopathy

Identification of immune correlates of fatal outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients

“…By contrast, in influenza infection, serum EGF and CD40L levels were actually decreased below baseline in patients with more severe disease. A prior report found a similar association with CD40L [ 70 ]. Activated platelets are a major source of serum CD40L [ 71 ], so these data may be functionally relevant to the thrombotic events seen in COVID-19 (as compared to influenza) [ 72 ].…”

Elevated serum levels of neutrophil elastase in patients with influenza virus-associated encephalopathy

“…Moreover, other cytokines and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, and other factors are also related reportedly to the severity of IE. These include IL-10, sE-selectin, sCD163, sCD40L, cytochrome c in the serum [13][14][15][16][17], and d-ROM in the CSF [18]. These findings demonstrate that influenza virus-induced inflammation is a major contributor to IE.…”

In Vivo Platelet Activation in Critically Ill Patients With Primary 2009 Influenza A(H1N1)

“…Similarly, platelets from patients with A(H1N1) dem- a marker of platelet activation, in infl uenza-associated encephalopathy. 19 Patients with A(H1N1) also had increased platelet activation compared with patients with bacterial pneumonia of similar age, sex, and APACHE II scores ( Fig 1, Table 1 ), although differences in mechanical ventilation rates cannot be ignored. Furthermore, levels of PAC-1 binding were higher in patients with A(H1N1) with shock requiring vasopressor support, suggesting that the magnitude of platelet activation was greater in more severely ill patients.…”