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The use of poultry as a unique model of biological research was characterised by a high level of efficiency, however, methods for creating transgenic ducks, complicated by the structure of waterfowl eggshells, are of low efficiency. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of various biotechnological procedures for creating transgenic ducks on their productive qualities and reproductive ability to identify the optimal method for creating transgenic poultry for further use in scientific, research, or economic purposes. Weighting, morphometric and statistical analysis of productive traits were used during the study. 40 ducks (4 experimental groups of animals and about 3,000 of their eggs) were studied. The lowest value of the egg productivity index was obtained in the group created by busulfan injection (79.5±11.8%), the highest – in the group created by sperm-mediated gene transfer (91.8±2.3%), the group of direct injection of transgenic construct – 89.0±2.0%, which indicates that this biotechnological method of introducing transgenic construct did not have a clear effect on this indicator. The weight of ducks in different experimental groups ranged from 1,323.50±65.36 g (using the sperm-mediated gene transfer) to 1,608.08±94.76 g (in the group created using busulfan). Ducks that received direct injections had an average weight of 1,480.42±35.01 g. In the control group, the average weight at sexual maturity was 139.5±9.67 g, in the busulfan group – 148.2±13.13 g, in the direct injection group – 143.16±7.25 g, and in the spermmediated gene transfer group – 140.67±13.13 g. It was found that the method of injection into the embryo of a recipient sterilised with busulfan and the introduction of donor blastodermal cells negatively affect the reproductive qualities of ducks. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that as a result of the analysis of the productivity of ducks obtained by various methods of transgenesis, it was determined that the most effective of the evaluated methods is the transfection of DNA of the transgenic construct with sperm (Sperm-mediated gene transfer, SMGT)
The use of poultry as a unique model of biological research was characterised by a high level of efficiency, however, methods for creating transgenic ducks, complicated by the structure of waterfowl eggshells, are of low efficiency. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of various biotechnological procedures for creating transgenic ducks on their productive qualities and reproductive ability to identify the optimal method for creating transgenic poultry for further use in scientific, research, or economic purposes. Weighting, morphometric and statistical analysis of productive traits were used during the study. 40 ducks (4 experimental groups of animals and about 3,000 of their eggs) were studied. The lowest value of the egg productivity index was obtained in the group created by busulfan injection (79.5±11.8%), the highest – in the group created by sperm-mediated gene transfer (91.8±2.3%), the group of direct injection of transgenic construct – 89.0±2.0%, which indicates that this biotechnological method of introducing transgenic construct did not have a clear effect on this indicator. The weight of ducks in different experimental groups ranged from 1,323.50±65.36 g (using the sperm-mediated gene transfer) to 1,608.08±94.76 g (in the group created using busulfan). Ducks that received direct injections had an average weight of 1,480.42±35.01 g. In the control group, the average weight at sexual maturity was 139.5±9.67 g, in the busulfan group – 148.2±13.13 g, in the direct injection group – 143.16±7.25 g, and in the spermmediated gene transfer group – 140.67±13.13 g. It was found that the method of injection into the embryo of a recipient sterilised with busulfan and the introduction of donor blastodermal cells negatively affect the reproductive qualities of ducks. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that as a result of the analysis of the productivity of ducks obtained by various methods of transgenesis, it was determined that the most effective of the evaluated methods is the transfection of DNA of the transgenic construct with sperm (Sperm-mediated gene transfer, SMGT)
The consequences of chimerization and its possible influence on the productivity of chimera offspring remain poorly understood. The objects of research were ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) of the Shanma (Shan partridge duck) and Shaoxing breeds kept at the Zhuji Guowei Poultry Development Co, Ltd, P.R.China. The study was conducted in the poultry genetics laboratory of the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences on a duck farm of Zhejiang Generation Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang Province, PRC). To create chimeras of ducks, the method described by Aige-Gil, Simkiss, 1991; M.T. Tagirov, 2010 was used. Blastodiscs have been isolated from freshly hatched fertilized eggs using a filter paper ring. Shanma duck embryos have been used as recipients, and Shaoxing duck embryos, homozygous for plumage color gene allele (wild type), have been used as donors. Busulfan (SigmaAldrich, United States) have been used as a chemical agent that suppresses a division of primary germ cells (PGC) of recipient embryos. A hole in an eggshell (window) of recipients (Shanma breed) have been made between a blunt and sharp ends of eggs. (This reduced a distance between an injector and an embryo needle). The recipients havebeen incubated for 8–10 hours at a temperature of 38 °C. After recipient eggs incubation for 8 hours, the windows were opened in them. Busulfan was injected into the subgerminal cavity of the embryo with a micropipette (1.5–3 μl of liquid). After busulfan injection, the empty cavity was filled with culture medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with antibiotics (ampicillin, streptomycin), the hole was closed by plastic wrap and adhesive tape. The eggs have been incubated at a reduced temperature (+32 °C) for 24 hours with the aim of prolong the duration of busulfan action on the PGC (primary germ cells). More than 50% of embryos have been died in the first 2–3 days (after an incubation start). Head and neck disorders have been observed in the 1.2% of embryos. Busulfan injection at a concentration of 300 ng per egg have been leads to 95.0–96.3% mortality of duck embryos, concentration of 150 ng per egg, a mortality rate of 33.3–75.3% have been observed, concentration to 75 ng led to 18.75–38.5% of embryonic mortality. Analysis of the age of puberty (laying of the first egg) indicates that the chimeras matured later. If in the control group the average age of puberty was 139 ± 9 days, in the group of chimeras - 148 ± 13 days. Thus, we can attest that in our experiment, the chimeras matured later than the control animals, which may be due to the effect of busulfan in the sterilization of recipient embryos. The average weight of ducks in the control group was lower, and the group itself was more consolidated. Thus, in the control ducks weighed 1422.40 ± 57.00 g, the chimeras 1608.80 ± 94.76 g. The advantage of live weight chimeras over the control group may be due to the fact that the control group consisted of recipients served by Shanma animals. Egg production of ducks for the entire study period was 87.5 ± 0.05 % (control) 79.5±0.12 % (busulfan). The weight of eggs of ducks of two groups for the entire period was 70.62±0.199 g (control) and 71.15±0.157 g (p˂0.001). The eggs morphometric parameters of the studied ducks groups were: the average values of egg length were 6.056±0.0564 cm (control) and 6.269±0.1341cm (busulfan); egg breadth were 4.520±0.0053 cm (control) and 4.529±0.004 cm (busulfan). There were no statistical intergroup differences in the morphometric parameters of the eggs of the studied groups. In fact, we obtained results similar to the previous ones, which concerned the egg production of daughters of drake chimeras.
З метою аналізу впливу трансфекції з ліпофектаміном на запліднювальну здатність сперміїв качурів (Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758) породи Shaoxing проведено аналіз яєць та ембріонів 11 качок породи Shaoxing, які були запліднені спермою 13 качурів, обробленою ліпофектаміном. Птиця відповідала стандарту породи Shaoxing. Качок у віці десяти місяців відбирали за умови їх несучості ≥ 90% та плодючості ≥ 90% після штучного осіменіння. Качурів відбирали зі стабільним рефлексом спермовіддачі при стимуляції методом масажу поперекової частини тулуба. Сперму збирали в конічні полістирольні чашки з подальшим розведенням до 1: 1 середовищем OPTI-MEM (Invitrogen, США) та транспортуванням до лабораторії (протягом 15–20 хвилин після збору) для оцінки якості та трансфекції сперми. Рухливість і концентрацію сперматозоїдів оцінювали за стандартними методиками під оптичним мікроскопом. Для трансфекції сперматозоїдів 300 мкл плазмідної ДНК (25 нг/мл кожного вектора) змішували з 1 мл середовища OPTI-MEM. Тим часом 300 мкл Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen, США) змішували з 1 мл середовища OPTI-MEM. Після того, як два розчини інкубували протягом 5 хвилин при кімнатній температурі, їх об'єднували та інкубували при кімнатній температурі ще 20 хвилин. Сперму двічі центрифугували (1000g, 10 хв), надосадову рідину видаляли і проводили розведення осаджених клітин сперми середовищем OPTI-MEM 1: 1. Комплекс ДНК-Lipofectamine® 2000 додавали до клітин сперми після другого центрифугування, та видалення надосадової рідини, потім його перемішували та інкубували при кімнатній температурі протягом години. Після трансфекції рухливість сперматозоїдів знову оцінювали для визначення якості сперми. Трансфіковані клітини сперми використовували для глибокого штучного запліднення. За одне запліднення було взято п’ятсот мільйонів сперматозоїдів. Після осіменіння качок трансфікованими сперматозоїдами яйця збирали і інкубували протягом 10 або 28 днів, потім виділяли ембріони або вирощували каченят. Для контролю впливу проведених маніпуляцій зі спермою під час проведення трансфекції на її запліднюючу здатність, експеримент побудували методом груп-аналогів, було відібрано 11 качок яких осіменяли інтактною спермою. В дослідній групі заплідненість становила 52,2±4,97%, що достовірно відрізнялось від групи контролю 84.1±5.83% (p < 0.01). Виводимість становила 47.18% (67 каченят з 142 запліднених яєць)
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