Analysis of nuclear microsatellites reveals limited differentiation between Colchic and Hyrcanian populations of the wind‐pollinated relict tree <i>Zelkova carpinifolia</i> (Ulmaceae)

Maharramova, Elmira; Safarov, Hajiaga; Kozlowski, Gregor; Borsch, Thomas; Muller, Ludo A. H.

doi:10.3732/ajb.1400370

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…The two refugia lie approximately 2,000 km apart, and are now completely isolated from each other by steppe vegetation. However, they still share several Tertiary plant relict species, and are considered to be the two oldest temperate deciduous forests in western Eurasia (Maharramova et al, 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alder and the Golden Fleece: high diversity of Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi revealed from Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata roots close to a Tertiary and glacial refugium

Roy

Pozzi

Gareil

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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BackgroundRecent climatic history has strongly impacted plant populations, but little is known about its effect on microbes. Alders, which host few and specific symbionts, have high genetic diversity in glacial refugia. Here, we tested the prediction that communities of root symbionts survived in refugia with their host populations. We expected to detect endemic symbionts and a higher species richness in refugia as compared to recolonized areas.MethodsWe sampled ectomycorrhizal (EM) root tips and the nitrogen-fixing actinomycete Frankia communities in eight sites colonized by Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata close to the Caucasus in Georgia. Three sites were located in the Colchis, one major Eurasian climatic refugia for Arcto-Tertiary flora and alders, and five sites were located in the recolonized zone. Endemic symbionts and plant ITS variants were detected by comparing sequences to published data from Europe and another Tertiary refugium, the Hyrcanian forest. Species richness and community structure were compared between sites from refugia and recolonized areas for each symbionts.ResultsFor both symbionts, most MOTUs present in Georgia had been found previously elsewhere in Europe. Three endemic Frankia strains were detected in the Colchis vs two in the recolonized zone, and the five endemic EM fungi were detected only in the recolonized zone. Frankia species richness was higher in the Colchis while the contrary was observed for EM fungi. Moreover, the genetic diversity of one alder specialist Alnicola xanthophylla was particularly high in the recolonized zone. The EM communities occurring in the Colchis and the Hyrcanian forests shared closely related endemic species.DiscussionThe Colchis did not have the highest alpha diversity and more endemic species, suggesting that our hypothesis based on alder biogeography may not apply to alder’s symbionts. Our study in the Caucasus brings new clues to understand symbioses biogeography and their survival in Tertiary and ice-age refugia, and reveals that isolated host populations could be of interest for symbiont diversity conservation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alder and the Golden Fleece: high diversity of Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi revealed from Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata roots close to a Tertiary and glacial refugium

Roy

Pozzi

Gareil

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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“…Despite the rugged landscape of the Caucasus, the STRUCTURE and SpaceMix both revealed intensive gene flow among populations of sweet chestnut as it was found earlier for other tree species in the region (Maharramova et al, 2015;Dering et al, 2021). Both methods showed the prevailing gene exchange between populations located in western Georgia, i.e.…”

Section: Refugia During the Last Glacial Cycle And Current Diversity ...mentioning

confidence: 58%

“…The impact of geological and climatic changes on the genetic structure and divergence patterns remains largely unexplored for tree species growing in the Caucasus. The primary genetic patterns described involve the west-east divergence between Colchis and Hyrcanian populations (Christie et al ., 2014; Maharramova et al ., 2015; Sękiewicz et al ., 2022). This genetic pattern reflects the impact of the two major refugia located in the Colchic lowland and Hyrcanian mountains during the last glaciation (Connor & Kvavadze, 2009; Tarkhnishvili, 2014; Sękiewicz et al ., 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary history ofCastanea sativaMill. in the Caucasus driven by Middle and Late Pleistocene paleoenvironmental changes

Beridze

Sękiewicz

Walas

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Due to global climate cooling and aridification since the Paleogene, the members of the Neogene flora were extirpated from the Northern Hemisphere or were confined to a few refugial areas. For some species, the final reduction/extinction came in the Pleistocene, but some others have survived climatic transformations up to the present. This has occurred in Castanea sativa, a species of high commercial value in Europe and a significant component of the Caucasian forest biodiversity. In contrast to the European range, neither the historical biogeography nor the population genetic structure of the species in the isolated Caucasian range has been clarified. Here, based on a survey of 21 natural populations from the Caucasus and a single one from Europe, we provide likely biogeographic reconstruction and genetic diversity details. By applying Bayesian inference, species distribution modelling, and fossil pollen data, we estimated (1) the time of the Caucasian - European divergence during the Middle Pleistocene (436.5 ka), (2) the time of divergence among Caucasian lineages, and (3) outlined the glacial refugia for species. The climate changes related to the Early Middle Pleistocene Transition and the alpine orogenic uplift in the region are proposed as the major drivers of the intraspecific divergence and European-Caucasian disjunction, while the impact of the last glacial cycle was of marginal importance.

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“…Chen (Zhao et al 2012) and Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) K. Koch (Maharramova et al 2015). One reason of this can be a high gene flow (Total Nm = 3.77) among the investigated populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Genetic diversity and differentiation of the riparian relict tree <i>Pterocarya fraxinifolia</i> (Juglandaceae) along altitudinal gradients in the Hyrcanian forest (Iran)

Yousefzadeh¹,

Rajaei²,

Jasiñska³

et al. 2018

Silva Fenn.

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Riparian trees, especially relict trees, are attractive and important for research to understand both past and recent biogeographical and evolutionary processes. Our work is the first study to elucidate the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of the canopy-dominating riparian (Juglandaceae) along two altitudinal gradients in different river systems of the Hyrcanian forest, which is one of the most important refugium of relict trees in Western Eurasia. Altitudinal gradients were chosen along two river systems at 100, 400 and 900 m a.s.l. Leaf samples were collected from 116 trees, and the genetic diversity was evaluated with eight SSR markers. Overall, 39 alleles were identified for all of the populations studied. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) varied from 0.79 to 0.87 (with a mean of 0.83). The results of the AMOVA analysis indicated that the variation within populations was 88%, whereas the variation among populations was 12% for all of the gradients. A structure analysis indicated that 93% of the trees were grouped in the same gradient. The genetic distance based on Fst confirmed the structure result and indicated a high rate of gene flow among the investigated populations. Based on high gene flow (low differentiation of the population along the same river) and the clearly distinct genetic structure of the investigated gradients, it can be concluded that rivers are the main seed dispersal vector among populations. The genetic diversity of did not show any trend from upstream to downstream. The high level of gene flow and uniform genetic diversity along each river suggest the âclassicalâ metapopulation structure of the species. Pterocarya fraxinifoliaP. fraxinifoliaP. fraxinifolia

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Analysis of nuclear microsatellites reveals limited differentiation between Colchic and Hyrcanian populations of the wind‐pollinated relict tree Zelkova carpinifolia (Ulmaceae)

Cited by 22 publications

References 70 publications

Alder and the Golden Fleece: high diversity of Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi revealed from Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata roots close to a Tertiary and glacial refugium

Alder and the Golden Fleece: high diversity of Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi revealed from Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata roots close to a Tertiary and glacial refugium

Evolutionary history ofCastanea sativaMill. in the Caucasus driven by Middle and Late Pleistocene paleoenvironmental changes

Genetic diversity and differentiation of the riparian relict tree <i>Pterocarya fraxinifolia</i> (Juglandaceae) along altitudinal gradients in the Hyrcanian forest (Iran)

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