Analysis of Long-Range Air Traffic Systems: Separation Standards — I

Abstract

This paper was first published in Volume 19, p. 88, in 1966. Parts II and III were included in following issues of the Journal. The paper is Crown Copyright and is reproduced with the permission of H.M. Stationery Office. It is followed by comments from Stanley Ratcliffe.The main task of air traffic controllers is to plan traffic flows so that aircraft are allotted sufficient separation to absorb not only systematic differences in speed but also the imperfections of navigation and piloting, which we term flying errors. To this end, they usually work with three separation standards, to be applied in, respectively, the along-track, across-track and vertical dimensions of space. The separation standard for any one dimension is the minimum intended (i.e. planned) separation permitted in that dimension when the intended separations are less than standard in the other two. The problem is to choose standards which are safe enough, but not so large as to lead to unnecessary traffic delays and deviations.

Longitudinal Collision Risk for ATC Track Systems: A Hazardous Event Model

“…The symbols used here are a simplified version of the customary Reich Model versions (Reich, 1966). First, some parameters need to be defined.…”

“…Starting with the vertical dimension, for collision boxes, the probability of vertical overlap P z (0) (Reich, 1966) currently used by NATSPG is 0 . 48.…”

“…Traditional hourly deviations models were first derived by Reich (1966) -the 'Reich Model '. They have a great influence on collision risk modelling -e.g.…”

P-RNAV, Safety Targets, Blunders And Parallel Route Spacing

“…Much of the CRM methodology early work is contained in papers by Reich (1966) -the 'Reich model ', which is used here. Separation minima guidelines have been produced (ICAO, 1998), and there are some recent critiques and review papers Eurocontrol, 1998 ;Brooker, 2002).…”

“…where P xz is the proportion of hours in that aircraft are in simultaneous x and z overlap (Reich, 1966). C(S) is a probability distribution describing the frequency of relative lateral errors for an aircraft pair, defined by :…”