Analysis of gut microbiota diversity in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients

Abstract

Background Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease. Recent studies have found that the gut microbiota may play an important role in inducing HT, but there are no systematic studies on the changes in the gut microbiota during the development of HT. Methods In this study, 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology in combination with the Kruskal–Wallis test, CCA/RDA analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and other statistical methods were used to analyze the effects of age, gender, hormones, and other environmental factors on gut microbiota by comparing the differences in the microbiota at different stages of HT development. Results The results showed that there were differences in the gut microbiota composition between healthy people (HCA) and in patients with HT. Lachnoclostridium, Bilophila, and Klebsiella were enriched in the HCA group, while Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium, Shuttleia, and Clostriworthdia were enriched in the HT group. Environmental factors analysis revealed that the Bifidobacterium and Klebsiella were two groups of bacteria that have undergone dramatic changes in HCA and HT, and mainly affected by gender. Romboutsia and Haemophilus regulated by the hormone of free triiodothyronine (FT3) may promote the development of HT, while Faecalibacterium and Lachnospiraceae regulated by free thyroxine (FT4) may protect the host. Conclusions Comprehensive studies have shown that gender is an important factor affecting gut microbial composition, but with the development of HT, hormones, age, and TSH begin to become dominant factors.

Cross-talk between the gut microbiota and hypothyroidism: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

“…Individuals diagnosed with hypothyroidism frequently encounter neuropsychiatric manifestations as a result of reduced thyroid hormone levels. In line with our study results, Liu et al found a reduction in Holdemania among individuals with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with hypothyroidism ( 45 ), indicating that Holdemania acts as a safeguard against hypothyroidism. Moreover, an excessive intake of alcohol has been associated with elevated levels of Holdemania in the gastrointestinal tract while causing a reduction in the concentration of butyric acid ( 57 ).…”

“…Most cases of hypothyroidism were likely due to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ( 43 , 44 ). In a study of the diverse dispersion of gut microorganisms in individuals diagnosed with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, it was observed that Akkermansia bacteria were more prevalent in both healthy individuals and those with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with normal thyroid function, in contrast to the group of patients with Hashimoto’s with hypothyroidism ( 45 ). These results aligned with our findings.…”

Major influences of the gut microbiota on thyroid metabolism: a concise systematic review

“…Furthermore, a recent study characterizing the GM in patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) confirmed that patients with HT have altered GM and that the gut microbiota is correlated with clinical parameters, suggesting that microbiome composition data could be used for the diagnosis of the disease [2,11].…”

Association between Gut Dysbiosis and the Occurrence of SIBO, LIBO, SIFO and IMO

“…In addition, the aggregate gut microbiota negatively correlates with metabolic parameters such as body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, insulin, leptin, C-reactive protein concentrations, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Impaired immunity due to reduced beneficial microorganisms, impaired gut barrier function, and the influx of pathogens can lead to autoimmune diseases [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Environmental factors, including geographical location, diet, smoking, alcohol and medications, are just some factors that contribute to changes in the composition and quantity of the gut microbiota.…”