Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials

Rieß, Michael; Ernst, Tobias; Popp, Ralf; Müller, Benjamin; Thoma, Heinz; Vierle, O.; Wolf, Moritz; Eldik, Rudi van

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00336-7

Cited by 75 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…They include energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), infrared equipped with an attenuated total reflectance accessory, and Raman spectroscopy [9,13,26,27]. ED-XRF displays analytical results for bromine and chlorine under elemental form, while infrared and Raman spectroscopy may identify the specific halogenated compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

et al. 2016

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Bromine and chlorine are almost ubiquitous in waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the knowledge of their content in the plastic fraction is an essential step for proper end of life management. The aim of this study is to compare the following analytical methods: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), ion chromatography (IC), ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), and elemental analysis for the quantitative determination of chlorine and bromine in four real samples taken from different WEEE treatment plants, identifying the best analytical technique for waste management workers. Home-made plastic standard materials with known concentrations of chlorine or bromine have been used for calibration of ED-XRF and to test the techniques before the sample analysis. Results showed that IC and ISEs, based upon dissolution of the products of the sample combustion, have not always achieved a quantitative absorption of the analytes in the basic solutions and that bromine could be underestimated since several oxidation states occur after combustion. Elemental analysis designed for chlorine determination is subjected to strong interference from bromine and required frequent regeneration and recalibration of the measurement cell. The most reliable method seemed to be the non-destructive ED-XRF. Calibration with home-made standards, having a similar plastic matrix of the samples, enabled us to carry out quantitative determinations, which have been revealed to be satisfactorily accurate and precise. In all the analyzed samples a total concentration of chlorine and/or bromine between 0.6 and 4 w/w% was detected, compromising the feasibility of a mechanical recycling and suggesting the exploration of an alternative route for managing these plastic wastes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

et al. 2016

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“…This finding reveals that even with the inclusion of a reasonable amount by weight of fiber (volume due to the low density of fibers -0.7 g.cm ) in the PP, the resulting composite material remained tough (similar to PP alone) 14,[25][26][27] . These data thus justify the replacement of part of the PP with raw material from renewable natural sources, generating savings compared with pure polymer for a particular component, without losing tensile mechanical properties.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Recycling of Sugarcane Fiber/Polypropylene Composites

et al. 2015

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Mechanical recycling is utilized to reuse waste and obtain other plastic products via the reprocessing of a material in industrial equipment. Natural fiber composites have become more popular in recent years; however, these composites' mechanical behavior remains less well-understood than single polymers' behavior after recycling. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the degradation of different sugarcane fibers/polypropylene composites using new grinding and injection processes and to evaluate the mechanical properties of these materials using analysis of variance (ANOVA). This work reveals the mechanical behaviors of recycled natural fiber composites that contain thermal stabilizer additives. Polypropylene composites reinforced with differently treated bagasse and straw fibers (10 and 20 wt%/PP) were obtained through melt mixing using a high-intensity thermokinetic mixer and were subsequently injected. The recycled composites exhibited decreased tensile strength relative to the original composites. However, when thermal stabilizers were added, the mechanical properties were maintained or increased, depending on the fiber and additive types.

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“…e implementation of ame retardant additives in polymers a ects especially the mechanical recycling of nal products. erefore, the recyclability of polymers from post-consumer plastic goods depends on di erent factors, such as the polymer nature, presence of additives for light stabiliser, ame retardant additives and colour pigments [58][59][60][61][62][63]. For an open loop, where di erent materials with di erent additives are returned from the market, mechanical recycling is di cult to reach the quality of the virgin polymer.…”

Section: Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a closed loop, mechanical recycling is much easier as the composition and the origin of the material is known. Contrary to mechanical recycling, there are no technological limitations for using chemical recycling of ame retarded polymers [8,59,60]. Furthermore, as FRs incorporated into products are usually more expensive than the origin polymer, these products have added value, which could be an economic advantage in the recycling process.…”

Section: Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardants and Environmental Issues

Šehić¹,

Tavčer²,

Simončić³

2016

TEK

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This article reviews the environmental aspects of fl ame retardant (FR) use for polymeric materials. The most important groups of halogen, phosphorus-halogen, phosphorus, nitrogen-containing and mineral FRs, as well as of nanoparticle FRs are presented in relation to the health concerns and environmental risk. The main toxicological problems resulting from the use of halogenated and formaldehyde-containing FRs are discussed. Moreover, the possibility of mechanical and chemical recycling as well as energy recovery of recycled fl ame retarded polymeric materials from post-consumer waste are discussed.

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Analysis of flame retarded polymers and recycling materials

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

The Recycling of Sugarcane Fiber/Polypropylene Composites

Flame Retardants and Environmental Issues

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