Analysis of flame retardant additives in polymer fractions of waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) by means of HPLC–UV/MS and GPC–HPLC–UV

Schlummer, Martin; Brandl, Fritz; Mäurer, Andreas; Eldik, Rudi van

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.016

Cited by 94 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Alternatively, a solid-liquid extraction is often adopted along with a series of extraction procedures, such as those performed by shaking, ultrasonication, soxhlet, microwave extraction, pressurized solvent, and supercritical CO 2 [13][14][15][16][17]. In addition to GC-MS, other analytical techniques used after the sample pretreatment are high performance liquid chromatography coupled with MS or UV detector, infrared analysis, and GC with an electron capture detector [13,[18][19][20]. When the BFRs are copolymerized into the backbone of the polymer, their separation and quantification by the above-cited methods can be very difficult to achieve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

et al. 2016

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Bromine and chlorine are almost ubiquitous in waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the knowledge of their content in the plastic fraction is an essential step for proper end of life management. The aim of this study is to compare the following analytical methods: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), ion chromatography (IC), ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), and elemental analysis for the quantitative determination of chlorine and bromine in four real samples taken from different WEEE treatment plants, identifying the best analytical technique for waste management workers. Home-made plastic standard materials with known concentrations of chlorine or bromine have been used for calibration of ED-XRF and to test the techniques before the sample analysis. Results showed that IC and ISEs, based upon dissolution of the products of the sample combustion, have not always achieved a quantitative absorption of the analytes in the basic solutions and that bromine could be underestimated since several oxidation states occur after combustion. Elemental analysis designed for chlorine determination is subjected to strong interference from bromine and required frequent regeneration and recalibration of the measurement cell. The most reliable method seemed to be the non-destructive ED-XRF. Calibration with home-made standards, having a similar plastic matrix of the samples, enabled us to carry out quantitative determinations, which have been revealed to be satisfactorily accurate and precise. In all the analyzed samples a total concentration of chlorine and/or bromine between 0.6 and 4 w/w% was detected, compromising the feasibility of a mechanical recycling and suggesting the exploration of an alternative route for managing these plastic wastes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

et al. 2016

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“…A 20-mL volume of hexane was not enough to elute deca-BDE completely; a solvent of stronger polarity was needed. 15 In the case of the florisil column, a recovery of 151% with some matrix effects was obtained. Activated silica gel and acidic silica gel columns showed excellent recoveries of 105 and 106%, respectively.…”

Section: Comparison Of Cleanup Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 THF was regularly used as a kind of solvent when flame retardant additives (including PBDE) in the polymer fractions of waste electrical and electronic equipment were analyzed. 15 Therefore, hexane, toluene, THF and hexane/acetone mixture, were selected as extraction solvents to optimize the extraction efficiency and compare the time and solvent volumes consumed. Extraction efficiencies were defined as the amounts of deca-BDE measured divided by the theoretical amounts.…”

Section: Comparison Of Various Extraction Techniques With Referenced mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there have been few investigations on the extraction, cleanup and determination of deca-BDE in waste electrical and electronic equipment. [15][16][17] Schlummer et al 15 applied gel permeation chromatography to purify the flame retardant additives including deca-BDE in polymer fractions of WEEE using HPLC-UV/MS. Gas chromatography using electron capture detection, mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization or electron chemical negative ionization mode [17][18][19][20] were commonly used for the analysis of PBDEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison and Optimization of Several Pretreatment Techniques for Determination of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ether in Polymer Samples by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Hashi

Liu

et al. 2009

ANAL. SCI.

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A sensitive quantification of decabrominated diphenyl ether (deca-BDE) was achieved by optimizing the injection temperature, pressure and column system with gas chromatography mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. A simple one-step cleanup method with acid silica gel column chromatography showed the optimum efficiency and minimum matrix interference. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction with toluene provided the best performance (111%, 1 h) as compared to Soxhlet extraction (110%, 5 h) and microwave-assisted extraction (63%, 15 min) taking consideration of extraction efficiency and consumed time. The proposed method could meet the requirement for determination of deca-BDE in polymers and has the potential to monitor the content of deca-BDE in electrical and electronic equipment for routine analysis.

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“…However, some higher PBDEs (containing 8-10 bromine atoms) require high injection and elution temperature of GC, thus may lead to analytical bias due to their thermal degradation. [11][12][13] In contrast, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectrometry detector (MS) was employed to determine BFRs in polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Sample Pretreatment Method for the Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Polymers of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

et al. 2010

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A fast sample pretreatment method was developed to determine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in polymers from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Polymers were firstly prepared into "polymer film" to facilitate a complete Soxtec extraction. Then, three extraction parameters (including hot plate temperature, boiling time, and rinsing time) were optimized based on the recovery of target in reference polymer samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of PBDEs in standard plastic materials from WEEE and the extraction yields of PBDEs ranged from 78.9% to 91.3%. The detection limits of PBDEs were 0.05-0.10 µg/g, indicating this method can be used as a quality assurance and quality control procedure of PBDEs in the production of electrical and electronic equipment.

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Analysis of flame retardant additives in polymer fractions of waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) by means of HPLC–UV/MS and GPC–HPLC–UV

Cited by 94 publications

References 17 publications

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

Characterization of Some Real Mixed Plastics from WEEE: A Focus on Chlorine and Bromine Determination by Different Analytical Methods

Comparison and Optimization of Several Pretreatment Techniques for Determination of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ether in Polymer Samples by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

A Novel Sample Pretreatment Method for the Analysis of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Polymers of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

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