Analysis of Fingernails and Urine as Biomarkers of Fluoride Exposure from Dentifrice and Varnish in 4- to 7-Year-Old Children

Pessan, Juliano Pelim; Pin, Maria Ligia Gerdullo; Martinhon, Cleide Cristina Rodrigues; Silva, S M B de; Granjeiro, José Mauro; Buzalaf, M. A. R.

doi:10.1159/000086842

Cited by 38 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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toenails, together with their faster growth rate, as well as the fact that toenails are less prone to environmental contamination, our data suggest that big toenails are more suitable biomarkers of fl uoride intake.

Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, BaselThe increase in the incidence and prevalence of dental fl uorosis observed in the last decades has prompted many studies aiming to monitor fl uoride intake, mainly in children at the age of risk for development of dental fl uorosis [Levy et al, 2003;Martinez-Mier et al, 2003;Paiva et al, 2003;Ramires et al, 2004;Pessan et al, 2005]. Water fl uoridation, the resulting use of fl uoridated water for the processing and preparation of foods and beverages and the introduction of a variety of fl uoride-containing dental products have resulted in a signifi cant increase in the amount of fl uoride in the environment [Ophaug, 1994].

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confidence: 76%

Influence of Growth Rate and Length on Fluoride Detection in Human Nails

Buzalaf¹,

Pessan

Alves

2006

Caries Res

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This study aimed to determine the lag time between increased fluoride (F) intake and F detection in human nails, as well as the influence of nails growth rate and length on this. Ten 20- to 35-year-old volunteers received 1.8 mg F daily, for 30 days. Nail growth rate and length were determined for all fingernails and toenails. Nail samples were collected at the beginning of the study and every 2 weeks (15 collections in all) and F concentrations were determined. The growth rate was statistically higher in fingernails than in toenails. No statistically significant differences were observed between right and left sides. Growth rate was significantly greater for big toenails than for the other toenails, but this pattern was not found for fingernails. The estimated mean lag times for F detection in fingernails and toenails were 101 and 123 days, respectively. An apparent increase in fingernail F concentrations was observed 84 days after the beginning of the study, although this was not statistically different from baseline. For toenails, statistically significant increases in F concentration in relation to baseline were observed 112 and 140 days after increased F ingestion. These increases occurred within the 95% confidence intervals for the calculated mean lag time for fluoride detection in nails. Considering the large amount of sample provided by the big toenails, together with their faster growth rate, as well as the fact that toenails are less prone to environmental contamination, our data suggest that big toenails are more suitable biomarkers of fluoride intake.

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confidence: 76%

Influence of Growth Rate and Length on Fluoride Detection in Human Nails

Buzalaf¹,

Pessan

Alves

2006

Caries Res

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“…Additionally, fluoride might have systemic toxic effects in other tissues when ingested in levels higher than optimal (Buzalaf et al, 2004;Buzalaf et al, 2005;Leite et al, 2008;Kobayashi et al, 2009). Plasma is an important indicator of fluoride levels in the body in both acute (Buzalaf et al, 2004;Pessan et al, 2005) and chronic (Carvalho et al, 2006) exposures. The results of this study were in agreement with previous studies that demonstrated an increase of fluoride concentration in the plasma due to the increase in the chronic intake of fluoride (Carvalho et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma and liver of rats submitted to chronic exposure to fluoride

Fernandes

Iano

Rocia

et al. 2011

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of fluoride (F) on alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver and plasma of the rats. Four groups of male Wistar rats (n=6), which received drinking water containing 5, 15 or 50 ppm F or deionized water (control) throughout the experiment were included in the study. The animals were euthanized and had their tissues and blood plasma collected for the analysis of fluoride and alkaline phosphatase. There was an increase in F concentration in most tissues in the animals treated with higher F concentrations, exceptfor the heart. The alkaline phosphatase assay showed an increase in the activity in the liver and blood plasma of the animals treated with fluoride concentrations of 15 and 50 ppm (p<0.05). This study suggested that F at a concentration of 50 ppm in drinking water promotes increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the liver and blood plasma.

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“…However, data available in the literature are conflicting about their use to estimate the effect of F intake during toothbrushing (8)(9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, such increase was not found in all children and fluctuations were observed over time. In another study, using the same protocol, fingernails did not have sensitivity to detect F exposure from dentifrice or F varnish (9). No significant increase of F concentration in fingernails was observed in adults who ingested 1.8 mg F for 30 days either, but surprisingly the authors concluded that fingernails could be considered a biomarker for F based on two nails clippings that were within the 95% confidence interval calculated (10).…”

Section: Fingernail May Not Be a Reliable Biomarker Of Fluoride Body mentioning

confidence: 93%

Fingernail may not be a reliable biomarker of fluoride body burden from dentifrice

et al. 2010

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Fingernail has been suggested as a biomarker of fluoride (F) body burden, but there is no consensus if it would be a reliable indicator of F exposure from dentifrice. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate if fingernails would have sensitivity to detect F exposure from dentifrice in young children. Twenty-three 1-3-year-old children living in the city of Piracicaba (0.72 ppm F in water), Brazil, were enrolled in two phases of different F exposure: in phase A (1st to 11th week), they were exposed to the combination of F from diet (solids and liquids) and dentifrice (1,500 µg F/g as MFP), and in phase B (12th to 29th week), only to F from diet (the use of F dentifrice was interrupted). Fingernails were weekly clipped during 35 weeks for F determination. F intake from diet and dentifrice in each phase was also determined. Both analyses were made with ion-specific electrode. F intake (Mean ± SD) was significantly higher (p<0.01) when the children were exposed to F from diet+dentifrice than only to F from diet (0.086 ± 0.032 and 0.040 ± 0.009 mg F/day/kg body weight, respectively). However, F concentrations in nails collected during the whole experimental period of 35 weeks presented great variation with no trend of decreasing after F dentifrice intake interruption. The findings suggest that fingernail may not be a reliable F biomarker of body burden from dentifrice.

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Analysis of Fingernails and Urine as Biomarkers of Fluoride Exposure from Dentifrice and Varnish in 4- to 7-Year-Old Children

Cited by 38 publications

References 58 publications

Influence of Growth Rate and Length on Fluoride Detection in Human Nails

Influence of Growth Rate and Length on Fluoride Detection in Human Nails

Alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma and liver of rats submitted to chronic exposure to fluoride

Fingernail may not be a reliable biomarker of fluoride body burden from dentifrice

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