Analysis of crystallinity changes in cellulose II polymers using carbohydrate-binding modules

Široký, Ján; Benians, Thomas A.S.; Russell, Stephen J.; Bechtold, Thomas; Knox, John; Blackburn, Richard S.

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.073

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Although mercerization is known to cause a significant reduction in the crystallinity of cellulosic substrates, mercerized cellulose has been shown to retain some adsorptive capacity for crystalline binding CBMs [73]. After incubation with Swollenin, binding of both the crystalline and amorphous-specific CBMs to the mercerized cotton fibres increased (Figure 5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As Swollenin had previously been shown to disrupt mercerized cotton fibres [ 16 ], we next tried to quantify any changes in cellulose accessibility and surface morphology of mercerized cotton fibres treated with Swollenin by looking at the degree of adsorption of substructure-specific CBMs to the treated fibres. Although mercerization is known to cause a significant reduction in the crystallinity of cellulosic substrates, mercerized cellulose has been shown to retain some adsorptive capacity for crystalline binding CBMs [ 73 ]. After incubation with Swollenin, binding of both the crystalline and amorphous-specific CBMs to the mercerized cotton fibres increased (Figure 5 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of substructure-specific carbohydrate binding modules to track changes in cellulose accessibility and surface morphology during the amorphogenesis step of enzymatic hydrolysis

Gourlay

Arantes

Saddler

2012

Biotechnol Biofuels

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BackgroundCellulose amorphogenesis, described as the non-hydrolytic “opening up” or disruption of a cellulosic substrate, is becoming increasingly recognized as one of the key steps in the enzymatic deconstruction of cellulosic biomass when used as a feedstock for fuels and chemicals production. Although this process is thought to play a major role in facilitating hydrolysis, the lack of quantitative techniques capable of accurately describing the molecular-level changes occurring in the substrate during amorphogenesis has hindered our understanding of this process.ResultsIn this work, techniques for measuring changes in cellulose accessibility are reviewed and a new quantitative assay method is described. Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) with specific affinities for crystalline (CBM2a) or amorphous (CBM44) cellulose were used to track specific changes in the surface morphology of cotton fibres during amorphogenesis. The extents of phosphoric acid-induced and Swollenin-induced changes to cellulose accessibility were successfully quantified using this technique.ConclusionsThe adsorption of substructure-specific CBMs can be used to accurately quantify the extent of changes to cellulose accessibility induced by non-hydrolytic disruptive proteins. The technique provided a quick, accurate and quantitative measure of the accessibility of cellulosic substrates. Expanding the range of CBMs used for adsorption studies to include those specific for such compounds as xylan or mannan should also allow for the accurate quantitative tracking of the accessibility of these and other polymers within the lignocellulosic biomass matrix.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of substructure-specific carbohydrate binding modules to track changes in cellulose accessibility and surface morphology during the amorphogenesis step of enzymatic hydrolysis

Gourlay

Arantes

Saddler

2012

Biotechnol Biofuels

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“…According to their substrate specificity, CBMs are classified as Types A, B, and C, where Type A binds to the surface of crystalline polysaccharides, B binds internally to glycan chains, and C binds to termini of glycan chains (Gilbert et al, 2013). Fluorescence microscopy with CBMs as molecular probes has been used to investigate the structure of cellulosic material both in native and treated samples (Porter Stephanie et al, 2007; Kawakubo et al, 2009; Široký et al, 2016). In addition, confocal microscopy with the fluorescent dye Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4B (S4B), a stain that shows higher specificity for cellulose than for other cell wall components, has been used to study the cell wall architecture and dynamics of cellulose microfibrils in growing cell walls of A. thaliana root cells (Anderson et al, 2010).…”

Section: Cellulose Microfibril Size and Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Opportunities in the Characterization of Cellulose – An Important Regulator of Cell Wall Growth and Mechanics

et al. 2019

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The plant cell wall is a dynamic network of several biopolymers and structural proteins including cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is one of the main load bearing components of this complex, heterogeneous structure, and in this way, is an important regulator of cell wall growth and mechanics. Glucan chains of cellulose aggregate via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces to form long thread-like crystalline structures called cellulose microfibrils. The shape, size, and crystallinity of these microfibrils are important structural parameters that influence mechanical properties of the cell wall and these parameters are likely important determinants of cell wall digestibility for biofuel conversion. Cellulose–cellulose and cellulose-matrix interactions also contribute to the regulation of the mechanics and growth of the cell wall. As a consequence, much emphasis has been placed on extracting valuable structural details about cell wall components from several techniques, either individually or in combination, including diffraction/scattering, microscopy, and spectroscopy. In this review, we describe efforts to characterize the organization of cellulose in plant cell walls. X-ray scattering reveals the size and orientation of microfibrils; diffraction reveals unit lattice parameters and crystallinity. The presence of different cell wall components, their physical and chemical states, and their alignment and orientation have been identified by Infrared, Raman, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Sum Frequency Generation spectroscopy. Direct visualization of cell wall components, their network-like structure, and interactions between different components has also been made possible through a host of microscopic imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. This review highlights advantages and limitations of different analytical techniques for characterizing cellulose structure and its interaction with other wall polymers. We also delineate emerging opportunities for future developments of structural characterization tools and multi-modal analyses of cellulose and plant cell walls. Ultimately, elucidation of the structure of plant cell walls across multiple length scales will be imperative for establishing structure-property relationships to link cell wall structure to control of growth and mechanics.

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“…This may be partially explained by the fact that different affinities have been reported for a specific CBM toward substrates with a different crystallinity degree (McLean et al 2002). Such assumption was inclusively the base for specific methods employed for measuring crystallinity changes of a material using CBMS (e.g., Široký et al 2012;Gourlay et al 2012). This would suggest that decreasing crystallinity would increase substrate digestion since cellulase adsorption could be enhanced.…”

Section: The Influence Of Crystallinity Degree Of the Lignocellulosic Substratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulase recycling in biorefineries—is it possible?

Gomes

Rodrigues

Domingues

et al. 2015

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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On a near future, bio-based economy will assume a key role in our lives. Lignocellulosic materials (e.g., agroforestry residues, industrial/solid wastes) represent a cheaper and environmentally friendly option to fossil fuels. Indeed, following suitable processing, they can be metabolized by different microorganisms to produce a wide range of compounds currently obtained by chemical synthesis. However, due to the recalcitrant nature of these materials, they cannot be directly used by microorganisms, the conversion of polysaccharides into simpler sugars being thus required. This conversion, which is usually undertaken enzymatically, represents a significant part on the final cost of the process. This fact has driven intense efforts on the reduction of the enzyme cost following different strategies. Here, we describe the fundamentals of the enzyme recycling technology, more specifically, cellulase recycling. We focus on the main strategies available for the recovery of both the liquid- and solid-bound enzyme fractions and discuss the relevant operational parameters (e.g., composition, temperature, additives, and pH). Although the efforts from the industry and enzyme suppliers are primarily oriented toward the development of enzyme cocktails able to quickly and effectively process biomass, it seems clear by now that enzyme recycling is technically possible.

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Analysis of crystallinity changes in cellulose II polymers using carbohydrate-binding modules

Cited by 27 publications

References 54 publications

Use of substructure-specific carbohydrate binding modules to track changes in cellulose accessibility and surface morphology during the amorphogenesis step of enzymatic hydrolysis

Use of substructure-specific carbohydrate binding modules to track changes in cellulose accessibility and surface morphology during the amorphogenesis step of enzymatic hydrolysis

Progress and Opportunities in the Characterization of Cellulose – An Important Regulator of Cell Wall Growth and Mechanics

Cellulase recycling in biorefineries—is it possible?

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