Analysis of Chlorinated and Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Märvin, Chris H.; Sverko, Edward; Tomy, Gregg T.

doi:10.1007/698_2016_459

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…11 These BFRs and CFRs have been identified as mutagenic, carcinogenic, and extremely toxic, demanding for their urgent replacement with eco-friendly alternatives. 11,12 To address these problems, several nonhalogen based fire-retardants have been developed using inorganic metal hydrates (aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, and borax), 13−18 expandable graphite, 19,20 phosphorus, 10,21,22 nitrogen, 23,24 and silicon-based compounds, 25,26 and other nanocomposites. 7,27,28 Hydrated-sodium metaborate (SMB) is an inorganic metalhydrate that has barely been used as a flame-retardant despite possessing water molecules and boron in its structure, which could mitigate thermal degradation of wood and natural fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most currently used fire-retardant materials for wood, polymers, and natural-fiber based products are based on brominated and chlorinated organic flame-retardants (BFRs and CFRs). − Unfortunately, the use of these halogenated fire-retardants for last few decades have led to a concerning environmental contamination affecting wildlife and humans. The harmful consequences of using BFRs and CFRs eventually have led these products to be banned in 2010 following the “San Antonio Statement” .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The harmful consequences of using BFRs and CFRs eventually have led these products to be banned in 2010 following the “San Antonio Statement” . These BFRs and CFRs have been identified as mutagenic, carcinogenic, and extremely toxic, demanding for their urgent replacement with eco-friendly alternatives. , To address these problems, several nonhalogen based fire-retardants have been developed using inorganic metal hydrates (aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, and borax), − expandable graphite, , phosphorus, ,, nitrogen, , and silicon-based compounds, , and other nanocomposites. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphene-Borate as an Efficient Fire Retardant for Cellulosic Materials with Multiple and Synergetic Modes of Action

Nine

Tran

Tùng

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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To address high fire risks of flamable cellulosic materials, that can trigger easy combustion, flame propagation, and release of toxic gases, we report a new fire-retardant approach using synergetic actions combining unique properties of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and hydrated-sodium metaborates (SMB). The single-step treatment of cellulosic materials by a composite suspension of rGO/SMB was developed to create a barrier layer on sawdust surface providing highly effective fire retardant protection with multiple modes of action. These performances are designed considering synergy between properties of hydrated-SMB crystals working as chemical heat-sink to slow down the thermal degradation of the cellulosic particles and gas impermeable rGO layers that prevents access of oxygen and the release of toxic volatiles. The rGO outer layer also creates a thermal and physical barrier by donating carbon between the flame and unburnt wood particles. The fire-retardant performance of developed graphene-borate composite and mechanism of fire protection are demonstrated by testing of different forms of cellulosic materials such as pine sawdust, particle-board, and fiber-based structures. Results revealed their outstanding self-extinguishing behavior with significant resistance to release of toxic and flammable volatiles suggesting rGO/SMB to be suitable alternative to the conventional toxic halogenated flame-retardant materials.

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