Analysis of chlordecone by LC/MS–MS in surface and wastewaters

Ultra-trace quantification method for chlordecone in human fluids and tissues

“…The two main publications related to chlordecone analysis by LC-MS/MS both reported negative electrospray ionization [1,21]. Concerning liquid chromatography, the first study [21] was performed on a C30 column with a MeOH based gradient while the second study [1] used a C18 column with an ACN based gradient.…”

“…Concerning liquid chromatography, the first study [21] was performed on a C30 column with a MeOH based gradient while the second study [1] used a C18 column with an ACN based gradient. We made first standard solutions in MeOH at 10, 1 and 0.1 ng L −1 and investigated the MeOH gradient (from 5% to 100% in 10 min) on a Waters BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 m).…”

“…Chlordecone (also known as Kepone) is an organochlorine pesticide (OCP) which has been extensively used from 1972 to 1993, particularly in the French West Indies for protecting banana plantation against weevil attack [1]. Considered as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and thus included in the Stockholm convention [2], chlordecone is highly toxic and bioaccumulative and remains persistent in the environment.…”

“…Its high stability and sorption on organic matter reveals a severe contamination of soils even twenty years after the ban [3][4][5]. A wide spread contamination of this OCP was identified in surface and wastewater [1] with bioaccumulation in fish [6] such as eels [7] or spotfish [8] and also in shrimps [9].…”

“…LC-(ESI-)-MS/MS could be an alternative and was already used to quantify chlordecone in animal tissues [20] and drinking water [1] by elution on a C18 functionalized silica column and single reaction monitoring based on the fragmentation of what they claimed to be the [M+OH] − precursor ion (507 > 427) [1,21]. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was compared by Moriwaki and Hasegawa [21] to ESI without demonstrating superior capabilities in terms of sensitivity.…”