Analysis of Chemical and Biochemical Parameters of Petrol-Contaminated Soil after Biostimulation with an Enzyme Reagent

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effect of petrol and the Fyre Zyme reagent on selected chemical and biochemical properties of loamy sand. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions. First, petrol was introduced into the soil at doses of 0 and 50 g k−1dry matter (DM). Next, 6% Fyre-Zyme enzyme reagent solution was added to the samples contaminated and uncontaminated with petrol, in the following combinations: 0 (control), once at 40 cm3 kg−1 DM, twice at 20 cm3 kg−1 DM at two-week intervals, and four times at 10 cm3 kg−1 DM at weekly intervals. Contamination of loamy sand with petrol caused slight changes in the determined chemical parameters and stimulated dehydrogenase activities, but inhibited the activity of phosphatases. The introduction of the enzyme reagent into the soil increased the Corg and Ntot content. The greatest changes were observed in the activity of phosphatases. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed that the application of the enzyme reagent at the application of 4 × 10 cm3 kg−1 DM was the most beneficial. However, the results of the η2 analysis indicate that the greatest influence on the determined experimental parameters was found in the soil contaminated with petrol.

Enzymatic Activity and Its Relationship with Organic Matter Characterization and Ecotoxicity to Aliivibrio fischeri of Soil Samples Exposed to Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromide

“…The activity of the enzymes in the soil that was not exposed to [TBP][Br] remained at a similar level during the experiment ( Table 2 ). This is in line with the results of our earlier study, in which no significant changes were found in the activity of enzymes over time in uncontaminated soil [ 7 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”

Microbiological Study in Petrol-Spiked Soil

“…Because it is feasible to only cultivate a fraction of soil microbiota [ 15 ], it seems essential to determine the biological activity of soil by assaying its enzymatic activity [ 73 , 74 ]. The soil enzymes are perceived as reliable soil quality indicators [ 17 , 75 , 76 ]. They are used to construct models for the assessment of potential soil fertility [ 28 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ].…”

“…Although more rarely used to determine pollution’s effect on the soil ecosystem’s stability, also such enzymes as catalase, β-glucosidase, urease, phosphatases, and arylsulfatase can provide valuable information on the metabolic capability of soil [ 73 , 74 , 83 ]. Their indicatory potential is due to the strong association of their activities with biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, and S [ 71 , 75 ]. Our study has emphasized the significant effect of cocksfoot and petrol on C, N, and P metabolism in the soil, as evidenced by the changes in the population numbers and diversity of microorganisms as well as in activities of the soil enzymes tested.…”

“…Cocksfoot significantly intensified the degradation of all PAHs, except for IP, because plant roots improve the physical [ 35 , 36 , 37 ] and chemical [ 75 ] properties of soil, thereby creating more favourable conditions for the proliferation of microorganisms, including the hydrocarbon-degrading ones [ 87 ]. These abilities of plants are particularly important in the soils polluted with petroleum products [ 41 , 85 ], especially that plant roots create a specific habitat for rhizospheric microbial communities, which can be used for rhizoremediation [ 42 , 60 ].…”

Five-Year Enhanced Natural Attenuation of Historically Coal-Tar-Contaminated Soil: Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Phenol Contents

“…Depending on the ecosystem in which they are found, pollutants may undergo slow transformations resulting from various chemical, physical, and biological processes. Highly toxic soil pollution may result in the disappearance of organisms, thus disabling the self-purification process of the soil environment [ 8 ].…”