Analysis of blood and urine samples from Macaca mulata for pyronaridine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A new and simple solid-phase extraction method for LC determination of pyronaridine in human plasma

“…Though the volume of plasma (0.25 mL) for extraction was similar to values reported in the literature, this simple solid-phase extraction procedure has several advantages over other published methods [4][5][6][7]. The limit of detection for PND was 0.010 g/mL standard solution.…”

“…However, in real clinical situations it is widely accepted that the effect of a drug is related to the exposure of a patient to the unbound concentration of drug in plasma rather than the total concentration in blood [10]. It is also important to note that storage stability of PND in whole blood at both refrigerator and frozen temperatures (−20 • C) exhibited significant loss of drug with time [4]. Wages et al suggested that PND loss is due to irreversible binding to blood constituents.…”

“…In consequence, Edlund et al developed an assay for the measurement of these compounds in blood plasma [13]. Since the inactivation of pyronaridine is apparently due to irreversible binding which is a dynamic, time-dependent process, it is reasonable to separate cellular blood elements and blood plasma immediately after blood sampling, analogous to the procedures used for artemisinin derivatives (4,5,9,13). Therefore, in our laboratory, plasma was selected as the preferred matrix for the analysis of PND in clinical samples.…”

Review of pyronaridine anti-malarial properties and product characteristics

“…Pyronaridine blood concentrations in rhesus monkey (n = 1) after oral administration of 160 mg/week for three weeks were sampled at 0.5 h, then hourly for eight hours then at Days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 [97] Pyronaridine blood concentrations after three weeks of 160 mg/week were undetectable on Weeks 2 and 3. With a 540 mg/week oral dose, pyronaridine concentrations at Week 3 were 88 ng/ml four hours after dosing and 142 ng/ml at 30 h [97].…”

“…With a 540 mg/week oral dose, pyronaridine concentrations at Week 3 were 88 ng/ml four hours after dosing and 142 ng/ml at 30 h [97]. With IM administration of 160 mg/kg for three weeks in the same model, the highest concentration of pyronaridine was recorded one hour after the Week 3 dose (1983 ng/ml) [97]. Pyronaridine concentrations had declined below the limit of detection by 21 days; the T 1/2 was 64 h [97].…”