Analysis of bioactive composites and antiviral activity of Iresine herbstii extracts against Newcastle disease virus in ovo

Abstract

The study was implemented to actuate the qualitative and quantitative phyto constituents of Iresine herbstii extracts and its antiviral efficacy against avian ND virus. Among four tested solvents, the ethanolic extract of Iresine herbstii revealed the presence of highest quantity of all tested phytochemicals while petroleum ether extract showed the least. Folin-Ciocalteu method assessed the range of TPC extended from 81.01 ± 0.67 to 126.35 ± 0.45 µg GAE/mg. Acetonic extract showed the highest amount among all extracts and petroleum ether possessed the lower quantity. TFC ranged from 54.37 ± 0.45 to 88.12 ± 0.26 µg QE/mg followed by colorimetric method. From all extract ethanolic extract showed highest quantity and petroleum ether revealed the lower. HPLC analysis of ethanolic extract of I. herbstii confesses the presence six bioactive components by using the HP5-MS column. To check the antiviral potential of plants, different prepared treatments of plant extract and live virus were inoculated at 9 days old SPF embryonated chicken eggs. Results exposed that all plant extracts produce antiviral activity against NDV in ovo according to their potential and phytochemical profile. The highest survival rate was observed in the ethanolic extract at 400 µg/mL and acetonic extract at 300 µg/mL as it controls the NDV activity completely, evidence of absence of embryo death and HA titre. Dichloromethane and petroleum ether could not inhibit the virus completely. 600 µg/mL concentration was proved as toxic in all extracts except petroleum ether extract which showed a dose dependent pattern.

Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants against COVID-19: The role of antiviral medicinal metabolites

“…ex Lindl. Blood leaf or beefsteak plant Amaranthaceae Shoot Ethanol, petroleum ether, Acetonic, dichloromethane Phytochemicals and other compounds Newcastle disease virus infection (NDV) Andleeb et al (2020) Ocimum sanctum Linn Basil Lamiaceae leaf extract methanol 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid, diosmetin, luteolin, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and genistein virions carrying diverse envelopes Mondal et al (2011) Hyphaene thebaica L. Doum palm Arecaceae Fruit Aqueous Fe2O3 Nanoparticles used for treatment polio virus-1 and polio virus-2 Mohamed et al (2020b) Abutilon figarianum Webb Gargadan, texas Indian-mallow Malvaceae Whole plant Methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts flavonoids, alkaloids, fatty acid and phenolic compounds HBV Saleem et al (2020) Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary Lamiaceae Aqueous extracts oleanolic acid herpes viruses, HIV, influenza Nolkemper et al (2006) Phyllanthus urinaria L. Leaf-flower, shatterstone, stone-breaker herb Phyllanthaceae Root, leaves Acetone extract 1,3,4,6-Tetra- O -galloyl- d -glucose (134...…”

“…& Thonn. Black catnip, gulf leaf flower, stone breaker Phyllanthaceae Leaves Aqueous and ethanolic extract Gallotannin corilagin HIV, HSV-1 and HSV-II Ashraf et al (2020) Melissa officinalis Lemon balm Lamiaceae whole plant Aqueous monoterpenaldehydes citral avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 Pourghanbari et al (2016) Phyllanthus emblica L. Amla, Indian gooseberry Leiothrichidae Fruits n -hexane, ethyl acetate, and nbutanol tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, ascorbic acids HIV Andleeb et al (2020) Mentha piperita L Peppermint Lamiaceae leaf Ethanolic Menthol, limonene, pulegone, caryophyllene and pinene syncytial virus (RSV) Li et al (2017) Azadirachta indica A. Juss Neem, nimtree or Indian lilac Meliaceae Leaves Bark extract Deacetyl-3-cinnamoyl-azadirachtin Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Mohamed et al (2020a) Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringa horseradish tree Moringaceae Leaves, seeds, fruits Phenolics (1) O-ethyl-4- (α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl carbamate; (2) 4 (α Lrhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate (3) niazimicin; (4) niazirin (5) p-sitosterol; (6) glycerol-1-(9- octadecanoate); (7) 3 -0- 6 - O -oleoyl-β-Dglucopyranosyl b-sitosterol; (8) β-sitosterol- 3-X-O -β - d ...…”

Immunological effect of Moringa Oleifera leaf extract on vaccinated and non-vaccinated Hubbard chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle virus

“…Respiratory, digestive, and neurological manifestations characterized the infection. Despite vaccination and therapy programmers, total average losses in poultry owing to ND are currently estimated to be 40–60% ( Bello et al, 2018 ) but vaccination has some demerits as it take long time to produce protective immunity and also the high cost of Vaccines so ( Andleeb et al, 2020 , Li et al, 2020 ) found that using medicinal plant extracts as antiviral medicines is a good way for protection the flocks against NDV. Use of medicinal plant extracts as antiviral medicines against NDV is one of the methods to protect flocks against NDV.…”

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RNA dependent RNA polymerase as targets for drug and vaccine development: A review

“…The mechanisms used by these metabolites in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unknown [94] . An alkaloid extracted from Stephania called Cepharanthine (used for snake bites, alopecia, and leukopenia) have shown to possessed antiviral efficacy [94] , [95] . The cancer and autoimmune drug called Thioguanine (with IC 50 of 1.7 μM), after transformation to thioguanosine triphosphate, could potentially inhibit the GTP-binding protein (related to replication and DNA synthesis) and RdRp.…”