Analysis of beta-blocker bioconcentration in brown planaria (Girardia dorotocephala) and its effects on regeneration

Rapid and sensitive analysis of trace β-blockers by magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

“…To date, analytical methods including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 7 , 8 ], two-dimensional HPLC [ 9 ], and HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) [ [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] ] have been developed for use in the analysis of β-blockers. However, following administration, β-blockers are present at very low concentrations in organisms.…”

“…However, following administration, β-blockers are present at very low concentrations in organisms. In addition, the matrices of biological samples are very complex [ [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] ], making it cumbersome and time-consuming to analyze these trace-molecules in biological samples. To overcome these limitations, various sample pretreatment methods such as protein precipitation (PP) [ 18 ], matrix solid-phase dispersion [ 19 ], liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [ 20 ], solid-phase microextraction (SPE) [ 21 , 22 ], and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) [ 23 , 24 ] have been applied.…”