Analysis of Antioxidative Phenolic Compounds in Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)

Abstract

Artichoke leaf is an herbal medicine known for a long time. A systematic antioxidant activity-directed fractionation procedure was used to purify antioxidative components from the aqueous methanol extractions of artichoke heads and leaves in this study. Seven active polyphenolic compounds were purified from artichoke, and structural elucidation of each was achieved using MS and NMR. Two of these compounds, apigenin-7-rutinoside and narirutin, were found to be unique to artichoke heads, this represents the first report of these compounds in the edible portion of this plant. The contents of these antioxidants and total phenols in dried artichoke samples from leaves and immature and mature heads of three varieties, Imperial Star, Green Globe, and Violet, were then analyzed and compared by colorimetric and validated HPLC methods. Significant differences by variety and plant organ were observed.

Isolation and mapping of a C3′H gene (CYP98A49) from globe artichoke, and its expression upon UV-C stress

“…Globe artichoke is used mostly for human food, although the polyphenolic content of its leaves is known to have therapeutic properties. The predominant phenolics present in the leaf are the dicaffeoylquinic acids and chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid) (Lattanzio et al 1994;Wang et al 2003). These metabolites possess antioxidative, hepatoprotective, diuretic and choleretic activity (Adzet et al 1987;Gebhardt 1997;Brown and Rice-Evans 1998).…”

Influence of postharvest processing and storage on the content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in foods

“…Grapefruits [124,126], buckwheat [131], rooibos tea [117], artichokes [132], honey [133], parsley [134], olives [85,134,135], lemons [129,130,136], lettuce [137], pepper [137], chicory [137], wine [138,139], grape juice [7], grapes [124], wheat [140], plums [124], peas [124], bamboo leaves [64,141], oranges [5,66,124,142], ponkan (mandarin-type) [143], tangerine essential oils [144], broccoli [145], hop [18], cabbage [124], and blueberries [124].…”

“…Plums [131,178], sorghum [88], potatoes [76,124], mangos [124,179,180], kernels [138], cherries [13, 42,43,181], spinach [124,156,182], kale [183], broccoli [124,145], cabbage [55], asparagus [156], lettuces [124], oranges [124], arugulas [137], tea [184], artichokes [132], coffee [185], honey [133,186], apricots [187], citrus fruits [136], oranges [142], bush butter fruits [188], radishes [156,189], cabbages [156,124], pepper [156], olive oil [85,190], cowpeas [104], cactus pears [191], Kancolla seeds [192], Pinto beans [193], beans [82], soybeans [99], and lentils [82].…”

“…The following list gives an enumeration of all the measures or procedures investigated: Maturity, ripening and time of harvest [63,74,82,99,115,116,176,178,179,188,189,194] 58,112,142,162,181,191,196], differentiation in fractions [114,167,174], peeling [109,142,153,180], special pressing or extraction [2, 64,72,165], enzymatic treatment and maceration [51], irradiation [53,158,175,183], drying [8,102,132,152,159], sensory effects [51], germination [88], browning-blanching and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity [124], proveniences [8,12,63,107,110,112,…”

Genetic mapping and annotation of genomic microsatellites isolated from globe artichoke

“…The immature inflorescences (capitula or heads) provide the edible part of the plant, and are used fresh, canned or frozen for the preparation of a variety of dishes; its leaves have been exploited as hepatoprotectants, and either choleretic or diuretic agents in traditional medicine since Ancient Roman times. In modern times, leaf extracts have been identified as containing cellular protectants against oxidative damage, HIV integrase inhibitors, and bile-expelling and lipid-lowering agents (Gebhardt 1997(Gebhardt , 1998Kraft 1997;Llorach et al 2002;McDougall et al 1998;Wang et al 2003), whilst roots and seeds have been used to extract inulin (Raccuia and Melilli 2004), with high degree of polymerization, and oil (Maccarone et al 1999;Raccuia and Melilli 2007). The crop is grown across the Middle East, North Africa, South America, China, the USA, and particularly in the Mediterranean region, where it has a significant impact on the rural economy.…”