Analysis of a sprint ski race and associated laboratory determinants of world-class performance

Sandbakk, Øyvind; Ettema, Gertjan; Leirdal, Stig; Jakobsen, Vidar; Holmberg, Hans‐Christer

doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1719-9

Cited by 100 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…During competitions elite cross-country skiers produce higher external work rates on uphill than on flat terrain (Norman and Komi 1987;Norman et al 1989;Sandbakk et al 2011). In association with superior performance on the uphill sections of a race (Bergh and Forsberg 2000;Andersson et al 2010;Sandbakk et al 2011), world-class skiers exhibit high capacities for delivery of aerobic energy (Ingjer 1991;Holmberg et al 2007). However, it is not known whether their higher rates of uphill work during competitions reflect solely a higher expenditure of energy (i.e., an elevated metabolic rate) (Mognoni et al 2001) or if they are able to obtain higher work rates at similar metabolic rates as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The influence of incline and speed on work rate, gross efficiency and kinematics of roller ski skating

2011

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During competitions, elite cross-country skiers produce higher external work rates on uphill than on flat terrain. However, it is not presently known whether this reflects solely higher energy expenditure. Furthermore, the kinematic factors associated with these higher rates of uphill work have not yet been examined. Therefore, in the present investigation the work rate and associated kinematic parameters at similar metabolic rates during roller ski skating on flat and uphill terrains have been compared. Seven elite male skiers performed six 5-min sub-maximal exercise bouts at the same low, moderate and high metabolic rates on 2 and 8% inclines, while roller skiing on a treadmill employing the G3 skating technique. The work rate was calculated as work against gravity and friction, whereas the energetic equivalent of VO(2) was taken as the metabolic rate. Gross efficiency was defined as work rate divided by metabolic rate. Kinematic parameters were analyzed in three dimensions. At the same metabolic rate, the work rate, cycle rate, work per cycle and relative duration of propulsive phases during a cycle of movement were all higher on the 8% than on the 2% incline at all speeds (all P < 0.05). At similar work rates, gross efficiency was greater on the 8% incline (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these elite skiers consistently demonstrated higher work rates on the 8% incline. To achieve the higher work rates on the steeper incline, these elite skiers employed higher cycle rates and performed more work per cycle, in association with a longer relative propulsive phase.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The influence of incline and speed on work rate, gross efficiency and kinematics of roller ski skating

2011

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“…[1][2][3][4] These studies have shown that the world's best skiers of both sexes are approximately 6-7% faster than skiers on a high national level in Norway (~30 in World Cup) both in the field and in laboratory tests. 5,6 With regard to sex differences in cross-country skiing, Sandbakk et al 7 documented a 17% sex difference in peak speed during a roller skiing test to exhaustion using the skating technique, whereas Bolger et al 8 showed 9% faster average speeds among men in a case where the race distance was 50% longer for men (15 vs. 10 km).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effects of Performance Level and Sex on Sprint Performance in the Biathlon World Cup

Luchsinger¹,

Kocbach²,

Ettema³

et al. 2018

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Biathlon is an Olympic sport combining cross-country skiing with the skating technique and rifle shooting. The sprint (7.5 km for women and 10 km for men) includes two shootings between the three laps of skiing. The aims of the current study are to compare biathletes of different performance-levels and sex on total race time and performance-determining factors of sprint races in the biathlon World Cup. The top 10-performers (G1-10) and results within performance (rate of hits) and penalty time. G21-30 among men and women were on average 3-5% behind G1-10 in total race time, in which course time accounted for 59-65% of the overall performance difference, followed by 31-35% explained by penalty time. The remainder (i.e., 4-6%) was explained by differences in shooting time and range time. The women G1-10 exhibited on average 12% slower speeds than the men G1-10, and course time accounted for 93% of the total time difference of 13% between sexes. The average total hit rates were 92-93% among the G1-10 and 85% among the G21-30 in both sexes. In total, men shot on average 6 seconds faster than women. Course time is the most differentiating factor for overall biathlon performance between performance levels and sex in World Cup races. No sex difference in shooting performance was found.

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“…[2][3][4] In addition, a significant O 2 deficit has been observed during the uphills, indicating a high anaerobic-energy contribution. 5,6 In sprint skiing, skiers perform 2-to 4-minute races at maximal effort where the aerobic versus anaerobic energy-supply ratio is close to 70:30. 7 This contribution of energy systems is comparable to other sports of similar durations.…”

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“…The exercise intensity during sprint races can reach 120% to 160% of VO 2peak during uphill segments and therefore requires a significant anaerobic-energy turnover. 5,7 Distance skiing also relies on a high work rate in the uphills, but to a lesser extent (~100-120% of VO 2peak ) than in sprint skiing. 6 Since anaerobic capacity is highly related to the muscle mass involved in the exercise, 13,14 differences in body mass may also occur between different types of athletes.…”

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Physiological Differences Between Sprint- and Distance-Specialized Cross-Country Skiers

Losnegard

Hallén²

2014

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Losnegard, T., Hallén, J. (2014). Physiological differences between sprintand distance-specialized cross-country skiers. Physiological Differences Between Sprintand Distance-Specialized Cross-Country Skiers Thomas Losnegard and Jostein HallénPurpose: Sprint-(≤1.8 km) and distance-skiing (≥15 km) performance rely heavily on aerobic capacity. However, in sprint skiing, due to the ~20% higher speed, anaerobic capacity contributes significantly. This study aimed to identify the possible anthropometric and physiological differences between elite male sprint and distance skiers. Methods: Six sprint and 7 distance international-level cross-country skiers completed testing using the V2 skating technique on a roller-ski treadmill. Measurements included submaximal O 2 cost (5°, 3 m/s) and a 1000-m time trial (6°, >3.25 m/s) to assess VO 2peak and accumulated oxygen (∑O 2 ) deficit. Results: The groups displayed similar O 2 cost during the submaximal load. The sprint skiers had a higher ∑O 2 deficit (79.0 ± 11.3 vs 65.7 ± 7.5 mL/kg, P = .03, ES = 1.27) and VO 2peak in absolute values (6.6 ± 0.5 vs 6.0 ± 0.5 L/ min, P = .04, ES =1.23), while VO 2peak relative to body mass was lower than in the distance skiers (76.4 ± 4.4 vs 83.0 ± 3.2 mL · kg -1 · min -1 , P = .009, ES = 1.59). The sprint skiers were heavier than the distance skiers (86.6 ± 6.1 vs 71.8 ± 7.2 kg, P = .002, ES = 2.07), taller (186 ± 5 vs 178 ± 7 cm, P = .04, ES = 1.25), and had a higher body-mass index (24.9 ± 0.8 vs 22.5 ± 1.3 kg/m 2 , P = .003, ES = 2.05). Conclusion: The elite male sprint skiers showed different anthropometric and physiological qualities than the distance skiers, with these differences being directly related to body mass.

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Analysis of a sprint ski race and associated laboratory determinants of world-class performance

Cited by 100 publications

References 33 publications

The influence of incline and speed on work rate, gross efficiency and kinematics of roller ski skating

The influence of incline and speed on work rate, gross efficiency and kinematics of roller ski skating

Comparison of the Effects of Performance Level and Sex on Sprint Performance in the Biathlon World Cup

Physiological Differences Between Sprint- and Distance-Specialized Cross-Country Skiers

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