Analysis and Optimization of Signal Detection Noise of Single-Beam Modulated Atomic Magnetometer Array

Suppression of Quantum Sensor Noise using Kalman Filter for Improved Sensitivity of Single‐Beam Atomic Magnetometers

“…The PD is employed to detect variations in the spin component S z , which is linked to the intensity of light passing through the vapor cell. [35] The first harmonic of the PD current can be derived using the Taylor expansion method, resulting in the following expression: [36]…”

“…The PD is employed to detect variations in the spin component $$S_z$$, which is linked to the intensity of light passing through the vapor cell. [ 35 ] The first harmonic of the PD current can be derived using the Taylor expansion method, resulting in the following expression: [ 36 ] $$$$\begin{align} I_{\mathrm{PD}-1 \mathrm{st}}= & 2\eta I_{\mathrm{pump}} n_{\mathrm{Rb}} \sigma (v) L \nonumber \\ & \exp {\left(-n_{\mathrm{Rb}} \sigma (v) L{\left(1-2S_{z-\mathrm{dc}}\right)}\right)} S_{z-1 \mathrm{st}} \end{align}$$$$where $$\sigma (v)$$ represents the absorption cross‐section of rubidium vapor, $$L$$ denotes the length of the vapor cell, and $$S_{z-\mathrm{dc}}$$ corresponds to the steady‐state value of the $$S_z$$ component. The variables $$I_{\mathrm{pump}}$$ and $$v$$ denote the initial intensity and frequency of the pump light, respectively, while $$\eta$$ serves as the conversion factor relating light to current.…”