Analysis and influence of the underwater phase of breaststroke on short-course 50 and 100m performance

Sánchez, Lourdes; Arellano, Raúl; Cuenca-Fernández, Francisco

doi:10.1080/24748668.2021.1885838

Cited by 23 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In short-course races, the contribution of acyclic phases, i.e., start and turns, to the total race time is widely known [16,29,30]. For instance, turn times contributed 32.92 ± 1.09% to total race time in long-course 200 m races [13] compared to 50.84 ± 0.28% in 200 m shortcourse races [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the timing of the wall approach seems a more important determining factor for race time than wall exit parameters. Some studies investigating key performance indicators of turn performance found velocity during the underwater phase more relevant than underwater time or distance [30,35]. Swimmers attain the highest velocities directly following push-off from the pool wall [34,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Cuenca-Fernández

Ruiz-Navarro

Polach

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Turn performances are important success factors for short-course races, and more consistent turn times may distinguish between higher and lower-ranked swimmers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine coefficients of variation (CV) and performance progressions (∆%) of turn performances. The eight finalists and eight fastest swimmers from the heats that did not qualify for the semi-finals, i.e., from 17th to 24th place, of the 100, 200, 400, and 800 (females only)/1500 m (males only) freestyle events at the 2019 European Short Course Championships were included, resulting in a total of 64 male (finalists: age: 22.3 ± 2.6, FINA points: 914 ± 31 vs. heats: age: 21.5 ± 3.1, FINA points: 838 ± 74.9) and 64 female swimmers (finalists: age: 22.9 ± 4.8, FINA points: 904 ± 24.5 vs. heats: age: 20.1 ± 3.6, FINA points: 800 ± 48). A linear mixed model was used to compare inter- and intra-individual performance variation. Interactions between CVs, ∆%, and mean values were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed impaired turn performances as the races progressed. Finalists showed faster turn section times than the eight fastest non-qualified swimmers from the heats (p < 0.001). Additionally, turn section times were faster for short-, i.e., 100 and 200 m, than middle- and long-distance races, i.e., 400 to 1500 m races (p < 0.001). Regarding variation in turn performance, finalists showed lower CVs and ∆% for all turn section times (0.74% and 1.49%) compared to non-qualified swimmers (0.91% and 1.90%, respectively). Similarly, long-distance events, i.e., 800/1500 m, showed lower mean CVs and higher mean ∆% (0.69% and 1.93%) than short-distance, i.e., 100 m events (0.93% and 1.39%, respectively). Regarding turn sections, the largest CV and ∆% were found 5 m before wall contact (0.70% and 1.45%) with lower CV and more consistent turn section times 5 m after wall contact (0.42% and 0.54%). Non-qualified swimmers should aim to match the superior turn performances and faster times of finalists in all turn sections. Both finalists and non-qualified swimmers should pay particular attention to maintaining high velocities when approaching the wall as the race progresses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Cuenca-Fernández

Ruiz-Navarro

Polach

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Indeed, it has been recently demonstrated the importance of the start in sprint swimming events. 32,33 The fastest swimming speed by elite swimmers was achieved at the 20 m mark. 2 Our data showed the same trend, although the fastest swimming speed was achieved at the 15 m mark.…”

Section: Curve Fittingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling of elite male junior 50 m freestyle sprinters: Understanding the speed‐time relationship

Morais

Barbosa

Silva

et al. 2021

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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In swimming events, as in other time-based sports, the athlete aims to cover a certain distance in the shortest time possible. The literature provides substantial information about the swimmers' pace in the official 100 m, 1,2 200 m, 3,4 400 m, 5,6 800 m, 7,8 and 1500 m freestyle events. 9,10 However, little is known about the shortest freestyle event, that is, the 50 m, despite being part of the Olympic program. Indeed, a review study 11 concluded that a solid body of work on this race event is lacking in the literature.Swimming races, regardless of the event (ie, distance or stroke), are analyzed based on split times in each lap. 6,12 However, lap times can be further divided into race components (usually, start, turn, clean swim phase, and finish) in relation to the cyclic or acyclic movements of the swimmers. 13 In long course swimming pools, the clean swimming phase (ie, the time taken to move in

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“…Our data showed that the underwater speed (related to the underwater phase) was the variable that presented the most considerable effect in both race distances, but significant only in the 50 m freestyle. Studies indicated that in 100 m events, swimmers reaching faster underwater speeds had a meaningful advantage on swimming start, and consequently on the final race times (Olstad et al, 2020;Sánchez et al, 2021). Other studies focused on understanding the undulatory swimming (Wadrzyk et al, 2021) or the transition from the underwater phase to surface swim (Stosic et al, 2021;Trinidad et al, 2020).…”

Section: Prediction Of the Start Main Outcome (15 M Mark Time) In Each Race (50 M And 100 M Freestyle) And Its Relationship With Other Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of the start and finish in the 50 m and 100 m freestyle performance in elite male swimmers

Marinho

Barbosa

Neiva

et al. 2021

International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport

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The aim of this study was to: (1) verify differences between swimmers of the same competitive level in variables related to the start and finish (50 m and 100 m freestyle); (2) verify if starting and finish variables are responsible for faster race time, and which starting variables are responsible for the start performance in such events. For the 50 m and 100 m freestyle race at the junior European Championships 2019, 86 and 88 male swimmers were analysed, respectively. A set of starting and finishing variables were used for analysis. Both races (50 m: p < 0.001; 100 m: p < 0.001) presented a significant level effect for the final race time. The same trend was observed for the start and finish performances. For both races, hierarchical linear modelling retained the 15 m mark time and finish speed as predictors. The 50 m start retained the reaction time and underwater speed, and the 100 m start retained the reaction time and the water break distance. This indicates the underwater phase of the start is of substantial importance to improve the 15 m mark time. Coaches and swimmers are advised to enhance the start underwater phase, and finish segments to improve the swimmers' performance.

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Analysis and influence of the underwater phase of breaststroke on short-course 50 and 100m performance

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Profiling of elite male junior 50 m freestyle sprinters: Understanding the speed‐time relationship

The effect of the start and finish in the 50 m and 100 m freestyle performance in elite male swimmers

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