Analysis and Design of 4 &amp;#215; 4 MIMO-Antenna Systems in Mobile Phone

Sun, Deshun; Chongyu, Wei

doi:10.4236/jcc.2016.42004

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…ECC can be defined as the amount of field correlated between the antenna elements in a MIMO design. In order to obtain high capacity and high diversity gain, ECC must be very low [90]. The acceptable amount of ECC is 0.5 however in case of 4G communication systems the revised value is 0.3 [91,92].…”

Section: Analysis For Performance Enhancement In the Antennas For 5g ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and fifth generation (5G): an indispensable technology for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave future generation mobile terminal applications

Ishteyaq

Muzaffar

2021

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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The in-depth exploration in the future 5G technology symbolizes a revolution in technology for antenna designers to encounter the all time increasing need as well as demand for higher data rate wireless communications. The paper gives out an exhaustive review of the evolution and characteristics of the 5G spectrum allocations, the MIMO antenna design with regard to mutual coupling reduction techniques and safer user applications. It precisely covers almost all the aspects of 5G which mainly include the types of antenna designs and their performance parameters related to MIMO design. The paper also presents a brief description of massive MIMO technology for base station applications. The main aim of the paper is: (1) to emphasize the frequencies allocated for the 5G including sub-6 Ghz and mm-wave bands; (2) to underline the suitable antenna designs for MIMO applications for mobile devices and base stations; (3) to highlight the mutual coupling effects in MIMO designs and its reduction techniques; (4) to consider the gaps in the literature and the challenges for reducing SAR effects for the safety of the users. This review paper has been an attempt to explore the evolution of 5G bands and antenna designs for 5G applications, comparison based on the literature, and the techniques implemented for enhancing the MIMO antenna performances.

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Section: Analysis For Performance Enhancement In the Antennas For 5g ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to obtain high capacity and high diversity gain, ECC must be very low [90]. The acceptable amount of ECC is 0.5 however in case of 4G communication systems the revised value is 0.3 [91,92].…”

Section: Slotted Loopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and fifth generation (5G): an indispensable technology for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave future generation mobile terminal applications

Ishteyaq

Muzaffar

2021

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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“…ECC describes the correlation (dependence) between every two AEs among all combinations of MIMO AEs. To obtain a satisfactory MIMO antenna performance, ECC should be low so that channels are uncorrelated, and the resulting system has a high diversity and high capacity [35]. The value of 0.5 is widely used in the literature as an acceptable threshold for ECC [36].…”

Section: A Mimo Antenna Performance Evaluation Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand

et al. 2020

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This paper investigates the performance variation when a different number of antenna elements (AEs) is integrated onto a single MIMO mobile terminal, both in free space and when held in a user hand in data mode. Starting with a minimum of two AEs, this investigation assessed the performance of the MIMO terminal with every additional two AEs (up to 18 AEs) in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), efficiency, multiplexing efficiency, capacity and maximal ratio combining (MRC). The integrated MIMO antennas are identical and operate between 5 and 6 GHz for 5G applications. Results indicated that ECC increased with the number of AEs. However, ECC remains less than 0.32 for the case of 18 AEs in both free space and with a user hand. Meanwhile, the free space efficiency of about 90 % for the two AEs is observed to decrease with the increasing number of AEs to about 50 % with 18 AEs. However, the efficiency of elements changes with user hand depending on the level of interaction between each element and the hand. Direct blockage of AEs by the hand resulted in efficiencies of as low as 5 %, while at the same time, other AEs retained an efficiency of up to 75 %. At the center frequency of 5.5 GHz, the free space capacity is 11.1, 49.5 and 83.2 bit/s/Hz with two, ten and 18 AEs, respectively. However, the use of the mobile terminal in the proximity of the user hand degraded these levels by 11 % (two AEs), 35 % (10 AEs) and 31 % (18 AEs). Finally, multiplexing efficiency showed that capacity degradation is caused mainly by the degradation of AEs efficiency, whereas the impact of low correlation between AEs is found to be an insignificant factor. In addition to the capacity analysis, gain and diversity gain of the maximal ratio combining technique was also investigated. INDEX TERMS Ergodic capacity, 5G MIMO antenna, mobile terminal, multiplexing efficiency, user effect, maximal ratio combining.

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“…The two models of APS distributions studied in this paper are described below [21,22]: 1-Uniform in both elevation and azimuth:…”

Section: Envelope Correlation Coefficient (Ecc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Envelope Correlation Coefficient of a Two-Port Mimo Terminal Antenna Under Uniform and Gaussian Angular Power Spectrum With User's Hand Effect

Elshirkasi¹,

Al‐Hadi²,

Mansor³

et al. 2019

PIER C

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This paper studies the effects of incident wave angular power spectrum (APS) distribution and user hand effect on the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of a two-port MIMO antenna operating in the sub 6 GHz LTE-U frequency band. APS of uniform and Gaussian distributions are used with different Gaussian angular spread (AS) values, i.e., 10 • , 30 • , 50 • , and 70 •. A prototype was fabricated, and three-dimensional radiation patterns of the antenna elements were measured in an anechoic chamber from 4 to 6 GHz in both cases of free space and when the prototype is held in data mode using a hand phantom. An algorithm to calculate ECC from the complex data of far field radiation pattern with different APS distributions is explained in detail. Results show that user hand presence increases ECC between ports compared with free space, whose increase is more obvious under Gaussian APS. ECC values under uniform APS is practically zero over the entire frequency range except at frequencies close to 6 GHz, where the highest ECC values are 0.13 and 0.16 in free space and with user hand, respectively. However, Gaussian APS with different ASs shows a significant impact of the ECC. With narrow AS of 10 • , ECC at some incident directions can be as high as 0.84 (in free space) and 0.92 (with user hand), and the mean ECC values under this AS are 0.25 (in free space) and 0.37 (with user hand). ECC values keep decreasing as AS gets wider, with the maximum ECC at AS = 70 • observed to be 0.23 and 0.34 in free space and with user hand, respectively, whereas the mean ECC values are close to uniform APS. Statistical distribution of the ECC showed good agreement with exponential distribution, with a better agreement between measured ECC and exponential distribution observed in free space with wider AS.

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Analysis and Design of 4 × 4 MIMO-Antenna Systems in Mobile Phone

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and fifth generation (5G): an indispensable technology for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave future generation mobile terminal applications

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and fifth generation (5G): an indispensable technology for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave future generation mobile terminal applications

Performance Study of a MIMO Mobile Terminal With Upto 18 Elements Operating in the Sub-6 GHz 5G Band With User Hand

Envelope Correlation Coefficient of a Two-Port Mimo Terminal Antenna Under Uniform and Gaussian Angular Power Spectrum With User's Hand Effect

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