Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and fifth generation (5G): an indispensable technology for sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave future generation mobile terminal applications

Abstract

The in-depth exploration in the future 5G technology symbolizes a revolution in technology for antenna designers to encounter the all time increasing need as well as demand for higher data rate wireless communications. The paper gives out an exhaustive review of the evolution and characteristics of the 5G spectrum allocations, the MIMO antenna design with regard to mutual coupling reduction techniques and safer user applications. It precisely covers almost all the aspects of 5G which mainly include the types of antenna designs and their performance parameters related to MIMO design. The paper also presents a brief description of massive MIMO technology for base station applications. The main aim of the paper is: (1) to emphasize the frequencies allocated for the 5G including sub-6 Ghz and mm-wave bands; (2) to underline the suitable antenna designs for MIMO applications for mobile devices and base stations; (3) to highlight the mutual coupling effects in MIMO designs and its reduction techniques; (4) to consider the gaps in the literature and the challenges for reducing SAR effects for the safety of the users. This review paper has been an attempt to explore the evolution of 5G bands and antenna designs for 5G applications, comparison based on the literature, and the techniques implemented for enhancing the MIMO antenna performances.

Design, Challenges and Developments for 5G Massive MIMO Antenna Systems at Sub 6-GHz Band: A Review

“…The almost unlimited variety of devices will cause various design issues, which in turn will be exacerbated by the variety of frequencies in 5G. To support the devices operating on diverse spectral bands, the spectrum must be flexible [ 116 ]. The sub-6 GHz frequency band is becoming the band of interest for 5G communication to solve these issues.…”

A comprehensive survey of massive‐ MIMO based on 5G antennas

“…There are several different types of 5G massive-MIMO antennas, such as Monopole, Dipole, Magneto-Electric (ME) dipole, Loop antenna or slotted antenna, Antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA), Fractal antenna, Inverted-F antenna (IFA), and Planar Inverted-F antenna (PIFA), [48][49][50][51][52][53][54] which are shown in Figure 6 and define the comparison between all antennas in Table 6.…”

A Simulation Optimization Factor of Si(111)-Based AlGaN/GaN Epitaxy for High Frequency and Low-Voltage-Control High Electron Mobility Transistor Application

“…Currently, research on Si-based GaN HEMT devices is mainly focused on high-voltage situations such as base stations or radars [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. However, the power supply voltage of mobile terminal devices is less than 12 V, and the endurance capacity and cost of the devices need to be considered.…”