Analysing socio-technical congruence in the package dependency network of Cargo

Golzadeh, Mehdi

doi:10.1145/3338906.3342497

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Other studies have studied sustainability for R [21], Ruby [15], Python [55], and NPM [19]. Through a longitudinal empirical study of Cargo's dependency network, Golzadeh [24] revealed that dependencies to a project lead to active involvement in that project. However, the effect of DC congruence from different types of contributions on the ecosystem sustainability is still unknown.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giving Back: Contributions Congruent to Library Dependency Changes in a Software Ecosystem

Supatsara¹,

Wang²,

Kula³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Popular adoption of third-party libraries for contemporary software development has led to the creation of large inter-dependency networks, where sustainability issues of a single library can have widespread network effects. Maintainers of these libraries are often overworked, relying on the contributions of volunteers to sustain these libraries. In this work, we measure contributions that are aligned with dependency changes, to understand where they come from (i.e., non-maintainer, client maintainer, library maintainer, and library and client maintainer), analyze whether they contribute to library dormancy (i.e., a lack of activity), and investigate the similarities between these contributions and developers' typical contributions. Hence, we leverage socio-technical techniques to measure the dependency-contribution congruence (DC congruence), i.e., the degree to which contributions align with dependencies. We conduct a large-scale empirical study to measure the DC congruence for the NPM ecosystem using 1.7 million issues, 970 thousand pull requests (PR), and over 5.3 million commits belonging to 107,242 NPM packages. At the ecosystem level, we pinpoint in time peaks of congruence with dependency changes (i.e., 16% DC congruence score). Surprisingly, these contributions came from the ecosystem itself (i.e., non-maintainers of either client and library). At the project level, we find that DC congruence shares a statistically significant relationship with the likelihood of a package becoming dormant. Finally, by comparing source code of contributions, we find that congruent contributions are statistically different to typical contributions. Our work has implications to encourage and sustain contributions, especially to support library maintainers that require dependency changes.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giving Back: Contributions Congruent to Library Dependency Changes in a Software Ecosystem

Supatsara¹,

Wang²,

Kula³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…To analyze the evolution in STC domain, the keywords and keyword plus were extracted from the selected pool of studies (Datta, 2018;Cataldo et al, 2013;Portillo, 2013;Sarma et al, 2008;Colfer et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2018;Portillo-Rodríguez et al, 2014;Kwan et al, 2009;Šmite et al, 2017;Ehrlich et al, 2008;Bolici et al, 2009;Šmite et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2012;Gokpinar et al, 2010;Valetto et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2012;Bernardi et al, 2012;Betz et al, 2013;Marczak et al, 2009;Cataldo et al, 2009;Sobri et al, 2017;Calefato & Herbsleb, 2017;Bird et al, 2011;McLeod L, MacDonell et al, 2011;Kiani et al, 2013;Nguyen et al, 2008;Wagstrom et al, 2010;Avnet, 2016;Bettenburg, 2011;De Santana et al, 2013;Suali et al, 2017;Syeed et al, 2013;Golzadeh, 2019;Palyart et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2019;Tamburri et al, 2019) for the period from 2008 to 2019. Furthermore, keywords facilitate the collection of additional information by considering various aspects like the research article, journal name, year of publication, and research field.…”

Section: Rq2 How Did Stc Evolve Over the Time Period From 2008 To 2019?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also stores communication data related to code changes. Several studies (Maheshwari et al, 2012;Sangwan & Ros, 2008;Cataldo et al, 2006;Cataldo et al, 2013;Valetto et al, 2007;Šmite et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2012;Sobri et al, 2017;Wagstrom et al, 2010;Bettenburg, 2011;Suali et al, 2017;Syeed et al, 2013;Golzadeh, 2019;Palyart et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2019;Tamburri et al, 2019) refer to VCS as a major source for extracting technical information via file dependency networks (file versus developer network).…”

Section: Rq4 What Are the Consequences Or Effects Of Non-congruence?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MR is a data repository that stores information related to bugs, their tracking, and task-related tracking or modification requests of the source code files. Many studies (Datta, 2018;Cataldo et al, 2006;Cataldo et al, 2013;Portillo-Rodríguez et al, 2014;Ehrlich et al, 2008;Bolici et al, 2009;Bernardi et al, 2012;Bettenburg, 2011;Golzadeh, 2019;Palyart et al, 2017) mention MR as a data source to extract information, such as defect density, communication-related to bugs, developer versus task network or coordination requirements in the process of STC computation.…”

Section: • Modification Request (Mr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the impact of socio-technical congruence in software development: a systematic literature review

Ahmad

2021

KJS publishes peer-review articles in Mathematics, Computer Sci

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Software development is a critical task that depends on coordination among team members and organizational activities that bring team members together. The literature indicates various techniques that have been applied to control the coordination level among team members. Notable among these techniques is social-technical congruence (STC), which helps to measure the alignment between the social and technical capabilities of an organization and teams at various stages of software development. The dynamic nature and changes of coordination requirements make STC a potential research area in this regard. The main objective of this study is to perform a systematic literature review (SLR) that recognizes and structures existing studies that represent new evolutionary trends in the field of STC. A SLR is performed of 46 publications from 4 data sources, including journals, conferences and workshop proceedings, most of which were published between 2008 and 2019. To this end, a thorough analysis is carried out to elicit the studies based on 7 research questions in this SLR. The outcome of this SLR is a set of ample research studies representing various aspects, performance impacts, factors, and evolutionary trends in the field of STC. Furthermore, STC measurement techniques are classified in two distinct groups, matrix based and social network analysis-based measures. After a systematic exploration of these aspects, this study results in new insightful features and state of art of STC. This SLR concludes that some areas still require further investigation. For instance, (1) STC-related literature exists, but only one research work mainly focuses on the risk of overwhelming STC (i.e., excessive STC measurement may overburden the software development process); (2) STC measurement techniques facilitate the identification of congruence gaps, but no attention has been given towards the unweighted social network analysis based STC measurement models; (3) STC measurement techniques are generally applied in the development phase of the project lifecycle, but these measurements are rarely used in other software development phases, such as the requirement and testing phases or all phases; and (4) The development factors that effects on STC measurement are rarely focused by researchers in the context of various domains.

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“…The results of the empirical investigation depict the positive influence of STC on team performance. Golzadeh et al [14] proposed an empirical study to measure the relationship between STC and cargo package dependencies to show the advantage of STC on OSS ecosystems and community health. Kwan and Damian [11] enhanced the STC model by introducing the concept of awareness in STC measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-Technical Congruence as an Emerging Concept in Software Development: A Scientometric Analysis and Critical Literature Review

et al. 2021

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Ample evidence in the literature emphasizes using socio-technical congruence (STC) to address coordination issues in distributed software development. The recent decades have shown a progressive growth in STC, resulting in an increasing number of research studies in the scientific corpora. However, no existing study has systematically analyzed and illustrated the research patterns, latest trends, and evolution in STC. This study aims to explore the knowledge structure and create evolutionary trajectories from STC publications. To achieve this aim, a scientometric analysis is performed that combined a critical literature review (CLR) of STC-related published research in the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2000 to 2020.The scientometric analysis is conducted through four scientometric techniques: i) coword network analysis, ii) co-author network analysis, iii) co-citation analysis, and iv) document clustering with timeline analysis. The study outcomes will help understand and visualize STC's research status quo. CLR is objectively conducted to recognize the latest research topics, themes, and salient features of STC research in software development. A total of 306 bibliographic data are analyzed to generate study-related networks and density visualizations. The results reveal an evolution in the STC field from its conception to the recent developments of STC models and other related factors. This study primarily contributes to the literature by providing a systematic view related to STC research to assist software practitioners in identifying applications and key research areas. Moreover, the combination of scientometric analysis and CLR reveals key researchers, journals and conferences, institutions, prominent contributing countries, and six major research themes, including "community structure" and "socio-technical congruence" as the most prominent ones.

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Analysing socio-technical congruence in the package dependency network of Cargo

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Giving Back: Contributions Congruent to Library Dependency Changes in a Software Ecosystem

Giving Back: Contributions Congruent to Library Dependency Changes in a Software Ecosystem

Assessing the impact of socio-technical congruence in software development: a systematic literature review

Socio-Technical Congruence as an Emerging Concept in Software Development: A Scientometric Analysis and Critical Literature Review

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