Traceability between published scientific breakthroughs and their implementation is essential, especially in the case of Open Source Software implements bleeding edge science into its code. However, aligning the link between GitHub repositories and academic papers can prove difficult, and the link impact remains unknown. This paper investigates the role of academic paper references contained in these repositories. We conducted a large-scale study of 20 thousand GitHub repositories to establish prevalence of references to academic papers. We use a mixed-methods approach to identify Open Access (OA), traceability and evolutionary aspects of the links. Although referencing a paper is not typical, we find that a vast majority of referenced academic papers are OA. In terms of traceability, our analysis revealed that machine learning is the most prevalent topic of repositories. These repositories tend to be affiliated with academic communities. More than half of the papers do not link back to any repository. A case study of referenced arXiv paper shows that most of these papers are high-impact and influential and do align with academia, referenced by repositories written in different programming languages. From the evolutionary aspect, we find very few changes of papers being referenced and links to them.
Developing a consistent stroke is a challenge and even more so for nonprofessional Table tennis players. To build consistent proper strokes for beginner players, there is a need to understand the stroke differences between standard and beginner players. In terms of table tennis applications, prior works used a video-based method, or accelerometer sensor embedded in a table tennis racket, or infrared (IR) depth sensor for evaluating the stroke. However, there are certain challenges in these methods such as having insufficient data to analyse a complete stroke, time-consuming and costly data collection, as well as using non-prevalent equipment. Hence, to improve the beginner player's performance, an ubiquitous way through readily accessible commercial devices for stroke evaluation is essential. In this study, to achieve such a goal, we (i) recorded videos and accelerator signals of standard and beginner players using consumer-grade products, and (ii) analysed the stroke consistency of both standard and beginner players. The results show the significant differences in the strokes between both kinds of players through the multimodal approach. Also, we found the significantly strong correlation between the stroke consistency and the hitting score for the forehand stroke. These findings motivate us to further examine the improvement of beginner players by instructing procedural knowledge of a standard player's stroke, and implement applications for the motor-skill instruction.
Popular adoption of third-party libraries for contemporary software development has led to the creation of large inter-dependency networks, where sustainability issues of a single library can have widespread network effects. Maintainers of these libraries are often overworked, relying on the contributions of volunteers to sustain these libraries. In this work, we measure contributions that are aligned with dependency changes, to understand where they come from (i.e., non-maintainer, client maintainer, library maintainer, and library and client maintainer), analyze whether they contribute to library dormancy (i.e., a lack of activity), and investigate the similarities between these contributions and developers' typical contributions. Hence, we leverage socio-technical techniques to measure the dependency-contribution congruence (DC congruence), i.e., the degree to which contributions align with dependencies. We conduct a large-scale empirical study to measure the DC congruence for the NPM ecosystem using 1.7 million issues, 970 thousand pull requests (PR), and over 5.3 million commits belonging to 107,242 NPM packages. At the ecosystem level, we pinpoint in time peaks of congruence with dependency changes (i.e., 16% DC congruence score). Surprisingly, these contributions came from the ecosystem itself (i.e., non-maintainers of either client and library). At the project level, we find that DC congruence shares a statistically significant relationship with the likelihood of a package becoming dormant. Finally, by comparing source code of contributions, we find that congruent contributions are statistically different to typical contributions. Our work has implications to encourage and sustain contributions, especially to support library maintainers that require dependency changes.
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