Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991

Kaplan, Alexey; Cane, Mark A.; Kushnir, Yochanan; Clement, A. C.; Blumenthal, M. Benno; Rajagopalan, Balaji

doi:10.1029/97jc01736

Cited by 1,370 publications

(612 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…These are the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration Extended Reconstructed SST (ERSST), version 3b, available at 28 3 28 longitude-latitude grids (Smith et al 2008); the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature, version 1, at 18 3 18 (Rayner et al 2003); and the Kaplan extended SST, version 2, at 58 3 58 (Kaplan et al 1998).…”

Section: A Observational and Reanalysis Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Equatorial–Extratropical Dipole Structure of the Atlantic Niño

Nnamchi

Kucharski

et al. 2016

Journal of Climate

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Equatorial Atlantic variability is dominated by the Atlantic Niño peaking during the boreal summer. Studies have shown robust links of the Atlantic Niño to fluctuations of the St. Helena subtropical anticyclone and Benguela Niño events. Furthermore, the occurrence of opposite sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the eastern equatorial and southwestern extratropical South Atlantic Ocean (SAO), also peaking in boreal summer, has recently been identified and termed the SAO dipole (SAOD). However, the extent to which and how the Atlantic Niño and SAOD are related remain unclear. Here, an analysis of historical observations reveals the Atlantic Niño as a possible intrinsic equatorial arm of the SAOD. Specifically, the observed sporadic equatorial warming characteristic of the Atlantic Niño (;0.4 K) is consistently linked to southwestern cooling (;20.4 K) of the Atlantic Ocean during the boreal summer. Heat budget calculations show that the SAOD is largely driven by the surface net heat flux anomalies while ocean dynamics may be of secondary importance. Perturbations of the St. Helena anticyclone appear to be the dominant mechanism triggering the surface heat flux anomalies. A weakening of the anticyclone will tend to weaken the prevailing northeasterlies and enhance evaporative cooling over the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. In the equatorial region, the southeast trade winds weaken, thereby suppressing evaporation and leading to net surface warming. Thus, it is hypothesized that the wind-evaporation-SST feedback may be responsible for the growth of the SAOD events linking southern extratropics and equatorial Atlantic variability via surface net heat flux anomalies.

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Section: A Observational and Reanalysis Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Equatorial–Extratropical Dipole Structure of the Atlantic Niño

Nnamchi

Kucharski

et al. 2016

Journal of Climate

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“…Consequently, a succession of historical observed SST analyses have been produced by different groups, including Smith et al (1996Smith et al ( , 2008, Reynolds (2003, 2004), Kaplan et al (1998), Rayner et al (2003Rayner et al ( , 2006, Kennedy et al (2011a,b), Ishii et al (2005), and Hirahara et al (2014). Now an updated version of the monthly Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), version 4 (ERSST.v4), is available, as presented in a companion paper (Huang et al 2015, hereinafter Part I).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature Version 4 (ERSST.v4): Part II. Parametric and Structural Uncertainty Estimations

Liu

Huang

Thorne³

et al. 2015

Journal of Climate

206

210

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Described herein is the parametric and structural uncertainty quantification for the monthly Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) version 4 (v4). A Monte Carlo ensemble approach was adopted to characterize parametric uncertainty, because initial experiments indicate the existence of significant nonlinear interactions. Globally, the resulting ensemble exhibits a wider uncertainty range before 1900, as well as an uncertainty maximum around World War II. Changes at smaller spatial scales in many regions, or for important features such as Niño-3.4 variability, are found to be dominated by particular parameter choices.Substantial differences in parametric uncertainty estimates are found between ERSST.v4 and the independently derived Hadley Centre SST version 3 (HadSST3) product. The largest uncertainties are over the mid and high latitudes in ERSST.v4 but in the tropics in HadSST3. Overall, in comparison with HadSST3, ERSST.v4 has larger parametric uncertainties at smaller spatial and shorter time scales and smaller parametric uncertainties at longer time scales, which likely reflects the different sources of uncertainty quantified in the respective parametric analyses. ERSST.v4 exhibits a stronger globally averaged warming trend than HadSST3 during the period of 1910-2012, but with a smaller parametric uncertainty. These global-mean trend estimates and their uncertainties marginally overlap.Several additional SST datasets are used to infer the structural uncertainty inherent in SST estimates. For the global mean, the structural uncertainty, estimated as the spread between available SST products, is more often than not larger than the parametric uncertainty in ERSST.v4. Neither parametric nor structural uncertainties call into question that on the global-mean level and centennial time scale, SSTs have warmed notably.

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“…If the shift in O is due entirely to warming of the surface ocean, it is equivalent to 0.3}23C since the early 1800s. However, the magnitude of surface-ocean warming indicated by the coral O is large compared with the &0.53C warming indicated for the tropical Paci"c since the 1850s, based on analysis of the available instrumental data Kaplan et al, 1998). Therefore, it is important to establish the temperature component of the O shift using other coral paleothermometers, to reveal the magnitude of any 20th century freshening of the ocean surface.…”

Section: Punctuated Long-term Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New views of tropical paleoclimates from corals

Gagan

Ayliffe

Beck

et al. 2000

Quaternary Science Reviews

454

287

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Corals o!er a rich archive of past climate variability in tropical ocean regions where instrumental data are limited and where our knowledge of multi-decadal climate sensitivity is incomplete. In the eastern equatorial Paci"c, coral isotopic records track variations in ENSO-related changes in sea-surface temperature; further west, corals record variability in sea-surface temperature and rainfall that accompanies zonal displacement of the Indonesian Low during ENSO events. These multi-century records reveal previously unrecognised ENSO variability on time scales of decades to centuries. Outside the ENSO-sensitive equatorial Paci"c, long-term trends towards recent warmer/wetter conditions suggest the tropics respond to global forcings. New coral paleothermometers indicate that surface-ocean temperatures in the tropical southwestern Paci"c were depressed by 4}63C during the Younger Dryas climatic event and rose episodically during the next 4000 yr. High temporal-resolution measurements of Sr/Ca and O in corals provide information about the surface-ocean hydrologic balance and can resolve the seasonal balance between precipitation and evaporation. Radiocarbon measurements in corals, coupled with ocean circulation models, may be used to reconstruct near-surface ocean circulation, past mixing rates, and the distribution of fossil fuel CO in the upper ocean. Most recently, seasonal to interannual variations in the radiocarbon of corals from the equatorial Paci"c have been linked to the redistribution of surface waters associated with the ENSO.

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Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991

Cited by 1,370 publications

References 25 publications

An Equatorial–Extratropical Dipole Structure of the Atlantic Niño

An Equatorial–Extratropical Dipole Structure of the Atlantic Niño

Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature Version 4 (ERSST.v4): Part II. Parametric and Structural Uncertainty Estimations

New views of tropical paleoclimates from corals

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