“…spike rate code, spike latency code, to serve as information carrier in their designs [7,8]. For the spike-based ISI encoding technique, two types of the analog ISI encoder and one high sampling rate decoder are introduced in [6] [9]. However, among these implementations, there are many unsolved problems that need to be seriously considered, which are high error rate, low noise immunity, low speed limitation, limited scaling up capability, low reliability, and high power consumption.…”