“…1.1-E, F), water pollution (Barreto et al, 2017;Rodríguez-Bolaña et al, 2023), biodiversity loss (MVOTMA, 2016), and human health hazards (Burger & Pose Román, 2012;Burger, 2013). Despite the high external input levels, there are yield gaps of around 50% (Berrueta et al, 2019;Colnago et al, 2023;Dogliotti et al, 2014;Scarlato et al, 2017), resulting in low labour productivity and family income (Berrueta et al, 2019;Colnago & Dogliotti, 2020;Colnago et al, 2023;Dogliotti et al, 2014). Therefore, the intensive vegetable production model and the associated adverse side effects jeopardise the long-term sustainability of vegetable production, food security and food sovereignty in Uruguay.…”