Analisis Distribusi Tenaga Kesehatan (Dokter Perawat Dan Bidan) Di Indonesia Pada 2013 Dengan Menggunakan Gini Index

Hermawan, Asep

doi:10.22435/hsr.v22i3.1304

Cited by 12 publications

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“…In Indonesia, this pattern is also seen among other health professionals. An analysis in 2019 of general mixed health workforce distribution (physicians, nurses and midwives) using the Gini Index in Indonesia found that the number of physicians and nurses was concentrated in the capital of provinces or other big cities in the province [48]. Since 2015, the Ministry of Health of Indonesia has formulated the Nusantara Sehat programme for special recruitment to recruit health workers, including pharmacists, to work in community health centres in remote areas [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A national analysis of the pharmacy workforce in Indonesia

et al. 2022

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Background Pharmacists play a fundamental role in healthcare systems and achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) through quality primary healthcare service provision. While the World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts a global shortage of health workforce by 2030, mainly affecting low- and middle-income nations (LMICs), limited published literature is found regarding pharmacy workforce capacity in LMICs, including Indonesia. This paper aims to analyse pharmacists’ capacity in Indonesia to identify emerging workforce planning gaps for future workforce planning and policies in Indonesia. Method Several data sources were accessed, including a database from the National Pharmacy Committee and the professional leadership body in Indonesia. Descriptive (frequencies, percentages, and mean), correlational and time-series analysis using curve estimation were conducted. Secondary data on the number of programmes, pharmacy students, pharmacy workforce (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) per province were obtained from the Ministry websites and reports. Result There were a total of 77 191 registered pharmacists in Indonesia in 2019. The pharmacists’ pyramid showed a youth bulge as a general indication of market expansion in the education sector correlating to the pharmacy programme’s number and size. There was a variation in pharmacy workforce density and access to pharmacy programmes across islands, which also were strongly correlated. Forecasting estimates that by 2030, women will represent around 86% of pharmacists in Indonesia. More female pharmacists were found working in the hospital and primary healthcare (providing direct services to patients) than male pharmacists. Younger pharmacists worked in the industrial sector, while older pharmacists worked in governmental and educational institutions. Conclusion This study signposted workforce planning gaps for policy development in Indonesia, including a need to develop structured training to support early career pharmacists in their practice. There is also a need for better access to professional development programmes designed to support female pharmacists return to the regulated workforce following career breaks. National policy to promote equitable distribution and retention of pharmacists is recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A national analysis of the pharmacy workforce in Indonesia

et al. 2022

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“…Like other low-and lower-middle-income nations, the city tends to have a more significant health worker density. 23,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] While still skewed, the midwife and nurse ratios are less severe. 43 This finding is consistent with other research that found an uneven distribution of the total health workforce between rural and urban areas.…”

Section: Decomposition Of Inequitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Indonesia Health Workforce Quantity and Distribution

Muharram,

Sulistya,

Swannjo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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BackgroundIndonesia, the world’s largest archipelago, faces unique challenges in distributing its health workforce across its diverse geographic barriers, leading to disparities in health worker number and distribution. By dissecting the distribution patterns and identifying areas of critical need, the research seeks to inform policy interventions that can more effectively bridge the gap on health worker quantity and inequity.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive analysis of healthcare workforce data across all 514 districts in Indonesia. The study focused on five categories of health workers: General Practitioners (GPs), medical specialists, dentists, nurses, and midwives. We calculated the health worker ratio to determine the availability of healthcare workers relative to the population. To evaluate the distribution of these workers, we employed the Gini Index as a measure of distribution equality. Additionally, we conducted a comparative metric approach to assess both the quantity and the equity of healthcare worker distribution across the districts.ResultsIn Indonesia, the current health worker ratio stands at 3.84 per 1000 population, falling short of the WHO’s threshold of 4.45 for achieving 80% Universal Health Coverage. This shortfall translates to a need for an additional 166,000 health workers. Our analysis reveals a varied distribution of health worker categories: while midwives show a relatively equitable distribution, specialists and dentists exhibit significant inequality, especially at the district level. The Gini Index, used to measure this inequality, indicates greater disparities at the district level compared to the provincial level. There has been notable progress in the distribution of medical specialists across provinces, with the between-provinces Gini Index for specialists decreasing from 0.57 in 1993 to 0.44 in 2022. However, the inter-district Gini Index remains high at 0.53 in 2022, signifying a concentration of specialists in major cities and provincial capitals.ConclusionThis study shows that human resources for health in Indonesia suffer not only in quantity but also in distribution. Our finding underscores the importance of considering inter-province and inter-district disparities to tailor policies to tackle unique problems each region faces.Evidence Before StudyPrior research has established that the quantity and distribution of health workers are critical factors in improving life expectancy and are fundamental components of the health system.Following Indonesia’s constitutional changes in 2001, which included the autonomy and decentralization of healthcare services, assessing the number of health workers at the district level has gained significant importance for determining national healthcare needs.There has been a notable gap in studies analyzing the quantity and distribution of health workers in Indonesia’s district level. Previous research often missed the nuances of district-level challenges, focusing instead on broader, national-level assessments.What This Study AddsFirst National Study on Health Workforce:This is the first study of health workforce quantity and distribution at Indonesia’s National level. so this paper serves as a basic reference for future researchQuantitative Analysis of Distribution Equity:Utilizing the Gini Index, the study quantifies the level of inequality in the distribution of healthcare workers, offering a clear metric to guide policymakers in assessing and addressing regional disparities.Identification of Regional Variations:The study highlights significant regional variations, with some provinces showing an inequitable distribution of health workers, demonstrating a critical need for increased healthcare personnel and better distribution strategies.Dual-dimensional assessment:The study introduces a quadrant comparative approach that simultaneously evaluates the quantity of healthcare workers and the equity of their distribution across Indonesian provinces. This dual-dimensional analysis is a significant methodological advancement, providing a more holistic understanding of healthcare workforce allocation.How This Study Might Affect Research, Practice, and/or PolicyThis study has the potential to become the basis of policy-making related to the distribution of health workers and provide constructive feedback and strategical insights that could be utilized to decrease the gap between health workers and their maldistribution.

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“…13 Penelitian dengan melihat distribusi tenaga kesehatan (dokter, bidan dan perawat) menyatakan bahwa Nusa Tenggara memiliki ketimpangan tenaga kesehatan yang tertinggi dibandingkan regional lainnya. 14 Meskipun ada kebijakan penempatan tenaga kesehatan di Indonesia menggunakan sistem pegawai tidak tetap (PTT) untuk tenaga medis dokter dan dokter gigi, distribusinya masih tidak merata khususnya di daerah terpencil. 13 Distribusi tenaga medis gigi di Indonesia masih tidak merata karena adanya perbedaan yang besar dalam jumlah tenaga medis gigi antar pulau.…”

Section: Pembahasanunclassified

Korelasi Disparitas Ketersediaan Tenaga Medis Gigi Antardaerah Terhadap Pemanfaatan Layanan Gigi dan Mulut di Indonesia

Sinaga¹

2022

JMPK

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Latar Belakang: Prevalensi masalah gigi mulut yang tinggi di Indonesia tidak diikuti dengan pemanfaatan layanan gigi mulut yang adekuat. Salah satu penyebab utamanya yaitu kurangnya tenaga medis gigi dan adanya disparitas terhadap distribusi tenaga medis gigi, yang juga menyebabkan ketidaksetaraan geografis dan sosial ekonomi dalam pemanfaatan layanan gigi mulut di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengukur hubungan pemanfaatan layanan kesehatan gigi mulut dengan ketersediaan tenaga medis gigi serta mengkaji faktor-faktor lainnya yang berhubungan dengan ketidaksetaraan geografis dalam pemanfaatan layanan gigi mulut di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian cross-sectional menggunakan Data Sampel BPJS Kesehatan 2017-2018 dan data rutin Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2017. Dataset terdiri dari diagnosis primer dan klaim pelayanan kesehatan gigi rujukan tingkat Rumah Sakit yang mencakup 2.580 peserta BPJS Kesehatan. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan gigi mulut berdasarkan jumlah diagnosis dan besaran klaim dianalisis menggunakan model regresi linear multivariat. Hasil: Terdapat disparitas yang signifikan dalam pemanfaatan layanan gigi mulut antardaerah di Indonesia. Ketersediaan dokter gigi (umum dan spesialis) memiliki korelasi positif dengan jumlah diagnosis dan klaim. Ketersediaan dokter gigi memiliki korelasi positif dengan jumlah diagnosis (0.30, 95% CI: 0.28-0.32) dan besaran penggantian biaya klaim (Rp 565.909, 95% CI: 89.425-1.042.385). Ketersediaan dokter gigi spesialis menunjukkan korelasi tertinggi terhadap jumlah diagnosis (0.54, 95% CI: 0.53-0.55) dan besaran penggantian biaya klaim (Rp 1.194.741, 95% CI: 662.468-1.727.014). Kesimpulan: Disparitas ketersediaan tenaga medis gigi dapat berkontribusi terhadap ketidaksetaraan pemanfaatan layanan gigi dan besaran penggantian biaya klaim yang dibayarkan oleh BPJS Kesehatan untuk pelayanan kesehatan gigi mulut antardaerah di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Tenaga Medis Gigi; Ketidaksetaraan Geografis; Indonesia; Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional; Pemanfaatan Layanan Gigi Mulut

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Analisis Distribusi Tenaga Kesehatan (Dokter Perawat Dan Bidan) Di Indonesia Pada 2013 Dengan Menggunakan Gini Index

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

A national analysis of the pharmacy workforce in Indonesia

A national analysis of the pharmacy workforce in Indonesia

The Indonesia Health Workforce Quantity and Distribution

Korelasi Disparitas Ketersediaan Tenaga Medis Gigi Antardaerah Terhadap Pemanfaatan Layanan Gigi dan Mulut di Indonesia

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