“…The transformation of N (Supporting Information (SI) Figure S1) in aquatic environments has been extensively studied with emphasis on denitrification (sequential reduction of NO 3 – to NO 2 – , NO, N 2 O, and N 2 ), dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA, NO 3 – reduction to NO 2 – , and then to NH 4 + ), nitrification (NH 4 + oxidation to NO 2 – , and then to NO 3 – ), and anammox (anaerobic NH 4 + oxidation to N 2 in the presence of NO 2 – ). ,− Other processes that can affect N transformation, such as anaerobic nitrification, may also be important in some environments. − ,− The transformation of N is affected by water chemistry, the nature of the microbial community, the identity of the N species and their concentrations, dissolved O 2 (DO), dissolved and particulate organic carbon (OC), and exchangeable cations and capacity. ,− The transformation of N is also affected indirectly by sediment physical factors such as flow velocity and fluid residence time that affect N, DO, and OC supplies. ,,,, …”