Anaerobic digestion of agricultural manure and biomass – Critical indicators of risk and knowledge gaps

Photobiostimulation of anaerobic digestion by laser irradiation and photocatalytic effects of trace metals and nanomaterials on biogas production

“…There are numerous parameters that may affect AD, some of which are pH, carbon/nitrogen content ratio, temperature, hydraulic retention time, storage time, and the rate of organic loading. 28 AD is composed of hydrolysis, acidification, and methanogenesis stages 29 or as others suggest an additional acetogenesis stage may be involved before methanogenesis [30][31][32][33] that eventually produce renewable energy with reduced treatment costs for electricity, heating, and cooking. 25,[34][35][36] Anaerobic digestion is now attracting most of the attentions worldwide (eg, USA and China produced 8.5 × 10 9 and 15 × 10 9 m 3 of biogas in 2014, respectively 27 ) as biomass energy source because of its numerous advantages that range from stabilizing the organic wastes, producing energy with relatively low cost, reduced nutrient needs, and high rate of organic load as reported by Wijekoon et al 37 The gases, H 2 S, NH 3 , H 2 , and the mixture of CH 4 and CO 2 are the possible products of AD to organic materials.…”

Ranking hazards pertaining to human health concerns from land application of anaerobic digestate

“…Five different timetemperature conditions such as M-AD 37°C (4 days), T-AD 55°C (4 days), Irish pasteurisation 60°C (4 days), EU pasteurisation 70°C (60 min), and higher pasteurisation 90°C (60 min) were monitored (Table 1) for the baseline model (BM) to assess the likely fate of the pathogens after the AD process. As recommended by Nag et al (2019) a semi-quantitative model was used in this study to rank the most hazardous pathogens depending on their ability to survive the AD process, the possible routes (aerosol, ingestion and direct contact) of transmission and the potential severity of illness. Indicator organisms are often used as surrogates for pathogens .…”

“…Foodborne illness (gastroenteritis) is a particular global health concern (WHO, 2008; Thomas et al, 2013;Torgerson et al, 2015). Nag et al (2019) mentioned that the application of raw FYM&S and anaerobic digestate could possibly play a role in pathogen transportation from agricultural land to humans through the food chain (mainly ready to eat RTE crops). According to TIME Health (2017), 351,000 people die of food-poisoning globally every year.…”

“…The Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HSE, 2019) cited by Nag et al (2019) suggests that Clostridium, Cryptosporidium, E. coli, Salmonella are the main pathogens of human health concern in Ireland. This highlights the importance of considering the severity (fatality/mortality rate) rather than simply the number of confirmed cases in an outbreak.…”

Characterization of Clostridium Perfringens Isolates Collected from Three Agricultural Biogas Plants over a One-Year Period

“…This raises issues of human health and food safety [9]. Indeed, once contaminated livestock effluents are applied, direct transfer of pathogens to crops and animals may occur [10]. To date, there is no evidence of environmental transmission of C. perfringens, whether or not the bacterium is resistant to antibiotics but one possible transmission route to humans or animals is through the consumption of vegetables contaminated by livestock manure [11,12].…”