“…DNN provides high accuracy, but its black box exacerbates its complexity (Geetha and Deepa, 2022; El Bilali et al ., 2022). Evolutionary computation can handle multi-objective formulations, but it requires a relatively large amount of computational time (Chen et al ., 2022a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h). FL can deliver quick, streamlined and effective responses, but stability analysis cannot be performed using FL, and it is difficult to predict the outcome in advance (Mastrocinque et al ., 2022).…”